The pharmacological properties of ayahuasca
Keywords:
Ayahuasca, hallucinogens, pharmacological, toxicityAbstract
It describes the chemical characteristics and the effects of Ayahuasca consumption, in order to know the current status of the discoveries to date regarding their pharmacological properties. A literature review was performed on studies of ayahuasca until 2013 in English, Spanish, and Portuguese in the databases of PubMed, PsycINFO, Psyke, Psicodoc, and Redalyc; as well as chapters in books and literature obtained from related research. It is concluded that one of the components of ayahuasca – harmina – can be used to treat different pathologies.
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References
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Bain, J., Plater, L., Elliott, M., Shpiro, N., Hastie, C., McLauchlan, H., ... & Cohen, P. (2007). The Selectivity of Protein Kinase Inhibitors: a Further Update. Biochemical Journal, 408(3), 297-315.
Barbanoj, M. J., Riba, J., Clos, S., Giménez, S., Grasa, E., & Romero, S. (2008). Daytime Ayahuasca Administration Modulates REM and Slow-Wave Sleep in Healthy Volunteers. Psychopharmacology, 196(2), 315-326.
Barbosa, P. C. R., Giglio, J. S., & Dalgalarrondo, P. (2005). Altered States of Consciousness and Short-Term Psychological After-Effects Induced by the First Time Ritual Use of Ayahuasca in an Urban Context in Brazil. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 37(2), 193-201.
Bouso, J. C., González, D., Fondevila, S., Cutchet, M., Fernández, X., Barbosa, P. C. R., ... & Riba, J. (2012). Personality, Psychopathology, Life Attitudes and Neuropsychological Performance among Ritual Users of Ayahuasca: a Longitudinal Study. PLoS One, 7(8), e42421.
Brierley, D. I. & Davidson, C. (2012). Developments in Harmine Pharmacology- Implications for Ayahuasca Use and Drug-Dependence Treatment. Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry, 39(2), 263-272.
Callaway, J. C., Airaksinen, M. M., McKenna, D. J., Brito, G. S., & Grob, C. S. (1994). Platelet Serotonin Uptake Sites Increased in Drinkers of Ayahuasca. Psychopharmacology, 116(3), 385-387.
Callaway, J. C., Raymon, L. P., Hearn, W. L., McKenna, D. J., Grob, C. S., Brito, G. S., & Mash, D. C. (1996). Quantitation of N, N-dimethyltryptamine and Harmala Alkaloids in Human Plasma after Oral Dosing with Ayahuasca. Journal of Analytical Toxicology, 20(6), 492-497.
Callaway, J. C., McKenna, D. J., Grob, C. S., Brito, G., Raymon, L. P., Poland, R. E., ... & Mash, D. C. (1999). Pharmacokinetics of Hoasca Alkaloids in Healthy Humans. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 65(3), 243-256.
Callaway, J. C., Grob, C. S., McKenna, D. J., Nichols, D. E., Shulgins, A., & Tupper, K. W. (2006). A Demand for Clarity Regarding a Case Report on the Ingestion of 5- methoxy-N, N-dimethyltryptamine (5-MeO-DMT) in an Ayahuasca Preparation. Journal of Analytical Toxicology, 30(6), 406-407.
Cavnar, C. (2011). The Effects of Participation in Ayahuasca Rituals on Gays’ and Lesbians’ Self Perception (Disertación doctoral). John F. Kennedy University, Pleasant Hill, CA. Recuperado de http://www.neip.info/upd_blob/0001/ 1455.pdf
Dai, F., Chen, Y., Song, Y., Huang, L., Zhai, D., Dong, Y., ... & Yi, Z. (2012). A Natural Small Molecule Harmine Inhibits Angiogenesis and Suppresses Tumour Growth Through Activation of p53 in Endothelial Cells. PloS One, 7(12), e52162.
Drucker, G., Raikoff, K., Neafsey, E. J., & Collins, M. A. (1990). Dopamine Uptake Inhibitory Capacities of β-Carboline and 3, 4-Dihydro-β-Carboline Analogs of N-Methyl-4-Phenyl1, 2, 3, 6-Tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) Oxidation Products. Brain Research, 509(1), 125-133.
Fábregas, J. M., González, D., Fondevila, S., Cutchet, M., Fernández, X., Barbosa, P. C. R., ... & Bouso, J. C. (2010). Assessment of Addiction Severity Among Ritual Users of Ayahuasca. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 111(3), 257-261.
Fortunato, J. J., Réus, G. Z., Kirsch, T. R., Stringari, R. B., Fries, G. R., Kapczinski, F., ... & Quevedo, J. (2010a). Effects of β-Carboline Harmine on Behavioral and Physiological Parameters Observed in the Chronic Mild Stress Model: Further Evidence of Antidepressant Properties. Brain Research Bulletin, 81(4), 491-496.
Fortunato, J. J., Réus, G. Z., Kirsch, T. R., Stringari, R. B., Fries, G. R., Kapczinski, F., ... & Quevedo, J. (2010b). Chronic Administration of Harmine Elicits Antidepressant-Like Effects and Increases BDNF Levels in Rat Hippocampus. Journal of Neural Transmission, 117(10), 1131-1137.
Frecska, E. (2007). Therapeutic Guidelines: Dangers and Contra-Indications in Therapeutic Applications of Hallucinogens. Psychedelic Medicine: New Evidence for Hallucinogenic Substances as Treatments, 1, 69-95.
Gable, R. S. (2007). Risk assessment of ritual use of oral dimethyltryptamine (DMT) and harmala alkaloids. Addiction, 102(1), 24-34.
Grella, B., Teitler, M., Smith, C., Herrick-Davis, K., & Glennon, R. A. (2003). Binding of β-Carbolines at 5-HT 2 Serotonin Receptors. Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters, 13(24), 4421-4425.
Grob, C. S., Mckenna, D. J., Callaway, J. C., Brito, G. S., Neves, E. S., Oberlaender, G., ... & Boone, K. B. (1996). Human Psychopharmacology of Hoasca, a Plant Hallucinogen Used in Ritual Context in Brazil. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 184(2), 86-94.
Halpern, J. H., Sherwood, A. R., Passie, T., Blackwell, K. C., & Ruttenber, A. J. (2008). Evidence of Health and Safety in American Members of a Religion Who Use a Hallucinogenic Sacrament. Medical Science Monitor, 14(8), SR15-SR22.
Heo, H. J. & Lee, C. Y. (2005). Epicatechin and Catechin in Cocoa Inhibit Amyloid β Protein Induced Apoptosis. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 53(5), 1445-1448.
Holmstedt, B. O. & Lindgren, J. (1967). Chemical Constituents and Pharmacology of South American Snuffs. Psychopharmacology Bulletin, 4(3), 16.
Holt, A. (2003). Imidazoline Binding Sites on Receptors and Enzymes: Emerging Targets for Novel Antidepressant Drugs? Journal of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, 28(6), 409-414.
Husbands, S. M., Glennon, R. A., Gorgerat, S., Gough, R., Tyacke, R., Crosby, J., ... & Hudson, A. L. (2001). βcarboline Binding to Imidazoline Receptors. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 64(2), 203-208.
Labate, B. C. (2011). Consumption of Ayahuasca by Children and Pregnant Women: Medical Controversies and Religious Perspectives. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 43(1), 27-35.
Leibenluft, E. & Wehr, T. A. (1992). Is Sleep Deprivation Useful in the Treatment of Depression? The American Journal of Psychiatry, 149(2), 159.
Lima, F. A. S. & Tófoli, L. F. (2011). An Epidemiological Surveillance System by the UDV: Mental Health Recommendations Concerning the Religious Use of Hoasca. En B. C. Labate & H. Jungaberle (Eds.), The Internationalization of Ayahuasca (pp.185-189). Zürich: LIT Verlag Münster.
Lima, F., Naves, M., Motta, J., Migueli, J., & Brito, G. (2002). Sistema de monitoramento psiquiátrico em usuários do chá hoasca. Revista Brasileira de Psiquiatria, 24.
Luna, L. E. (2011). Indigenous and Mestizo Use of Ayahuasca: an Overview. En R. G. dos Santos (Ed), The Etnopharmacology of Ayahuasca (pp. 1-21). Recuperado de http://ejournal.narotama.ac.id/files/Indigenous %20and%20mestizo%20use%20of%20Ayahuasca. %20An%20overview.pdf
Mabit, J. (1996). Takiwasi: Ayahuasca and Shamanism in Addiction Therapy. MAPS Newsletter, 6(3), 34-40.
Mabit, J. (2002). Using Indigenous Medicinal Knowledge to Treat Drug Addiction. MAPS Bull, 12(2), 25-32.
McKenna, D. J., Towers, G. N., & Abbott, F. (1984). Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors in South American Hallucinogenic Plants: Tryptamine and β-Carboline Constituents of Ayahuasca. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 10(2), 195-223.
Osório, F. L, Macedo, L. R. H. de, Sousa, J. P. M. de, Pinto, J. P., Quevedo, J., Souza Crippa, J. A. de, & Hallak, J. E. C. (2011). The Therapeutic Potential of Harmine and Ayahuasca in Depression: Evidence from Exploratory Animal and Human Studies. En R. G. dos Santos (Ed), The etnopharmacology of ayahuasca (pp. 75-85). Recuperado de http://srv1.iceers.org/docs/science/ayahuasca/ Rafael_Guimares_The%20Ethnopharmacology_of_Ayahuasca/ EthnopharmAyahuasca_Chapter5.pdf
Quirce-Balma, C. M., Badilla-Baltodano, B., Badilla-Chaves, S., Martínez-Herrera, M., & Rodríguez, J. M. (2010). Los alucinógenos: su historia, antropología, química y farmacología. Psicogente 13(23), 174-192.
Riba, J. (2003a). Human pharmacology of Ayahuasca (Tesis doctoral). Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, España. Recuperado de http://www.tdx.cesca.es/TDX-0701104165104/
Riba, J. & Barbanoj, M. J. (2005). Bringing Ayahuasca to the Clinical Research Laboratory. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 37(2), 219-230.
Riba, J., Anderer, P., Jané F., Saletu, B., & Barbanoj, M. J. (2004). Effects of the South American Psychoactive Beverage Ayahuasca on Regional Brain Electrical Activity in Humans: A Functional Neuroimaging Study Using Low-Resolution Electromagnetic Tomography. Neuropsychobiology 50(1), 89-101.
Riba, J., Rodríguez-Fornells, A., Urbano, G., Morte, A., Antonijoan, R., Montero, M., ... & Barbanoj, M. J. (2001). Subjective Effects and Tolerability of the South American Psychoactive Beverage Ayahuasca in Healthy Volunteers. Psychopharmacology, 154(1), 85-95.
Santos, R. G. dos. (2011). Ayahuasca: Physiological and Subjective Effects, Comparison with d-amphetamine, and Repeated Dose Assessment (Tesis doctoral). Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, España. Recuperado de https:// www.educacion.gob.es/teseo/mostrarRef.do
Santos, R. G. dos, Valle, M., Bouso, J. C., Nomdedéu, J. F., Rodríguez-Espinosa, J., McIlhenny, E. H., ... & Riba, J. (2011). Autonomic, Neuroendocrine, and Immunological Effects of Ayahuasca: a Comparative Study with d-amphetamine. Journal of Clinical. Psychopharmacology, 31(6), 717-726. Santos, R. G. dos, Grasa, E., Valle, M., Ballester, M. R., Bouso,
J. C., Nomdedéu, J. F., ... & Riba, J. (2012). Pharmacology of Ayahuasca Administered in Two Repeated Doses. Psychopharmacology, 219(4), 1039-1053.
Scherschlicht, R., Polc, P., Schneeberger, J., Steiner, M., & Haefely, W. (1982). Selective Suppression of Rapid Eye Movement Sleep (REMS) in Cats by Typical and Atypical Antidepressants. Advances in Biochemical Psychopharmacology, 31, 359-364.
Schwarz, M. J., Houghton, P. J., Rose, S., Jenner, P., & Lees, A. D. (2003). Activities of Extract and Constituents of Banisteriopsis caapi Relevant to Parkinsonism. Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior, 75(3), 627-633.
Serrano, M., Cardozo, F., & Sánchez, J. (2001). Effects of Banisteriopsis caapi Extract on Parkinson’s disease. The Scientific Review of Alternative Medicine, 5(3), 127-132.
Sitz, J. H., Baumgärtel, K., Hämmerle, B., Papadopoulos, C., Hekerman, P., Tejedor, F. J., ... & Lutz, B. (2008). The Down Syndrome Candidate Dual-Specificity Tyrosine Phosphorylation-Regulated Kinase 1A Phosphorylates the Neurodegeneration- Related Septin 4. Neuroscience, 157(3), 596-605.
Sklerov, J., Levine, B., Moore, K. A., King, T., & Fowler, D. (2005). A Fatal Intoxication Following the Ingestion of 5Methoxy-N, N-Dimethyltryptamine in an Ayahuasca Preparation. Journal of Analytical Toxicology, 29(8), 838-841.
Stahl, S. M. & Felker, A. (2008). Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors: a Modern Guide to an Unrequited Class of Antidepressants. CNS Spectrums, 13(10), 855-871.
Vogel, G. W., Buffenstein, A., Minter, K., & Hennessey, A. (1990). Drug Effects on REM Sleep and on Endogenous Depression. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 14(1), 49-63.
Vollenweider, F. X. & Kometer, M. (2010). The Neurobiology of Psychedelic Drugs: Implications for the Treatment of Mood Disorders. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 11(9), 642-651.
Wang, Y. H., Samoylenko, V., Tekwani, B. L., Khan, I. A., Miller, L. S., Chaurasiya, N. D., ... & Muhammad, I. (2010). Composition, Standardization and Chemical Profiling of Banisteriopsis caapi, a Plant for the Treatment of Neurodegenerative Disorders Relevant to Parkinson’s Disease. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 128(3), 662-671.
Warren, R. J. (2004). Fatal Nicotine Intoxication Resulting from the Ingestión of «Ayahuasca». Journal of Analytical Toxicology, 28(4), 287.
Bain, J., Plater, L., Elliott, M., Shpiro, N., Hastie, C., McLauchlan, H., ... & Cohen, P. (2007). The Selectivity of Protein Kinase Inhibitors: a Further Update. Biochemical Journal, 408(3), 297-315.
Barbanoj, M. J., Riba, J., Clos, S., Giménez, S., Grasa, E., & Romero, S. (2008). Daytime Ayahuasca Administration Modulates REM and Slow-Wave Sleep in Healthy Volunteers. Psychopharmacology, 196(2), 315-326.
Barbosa, P. C. R., Giglio, J. S., & Dalgalarrondo, P. (2005). Altered States of Consciousness and Short-Term Psychological After-Effects Induced by the First Time Ritual Use of Ayahuasca in an Urban Context in Brazil. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 37(2), 193-201.
Bouso, J. C., González, D., Fondevila, S., Cutchet, M., Fernández, X., Barbosa, P. C. R., ... & Riba, J. (2012). Personality, Psychopathology, Life Attitudes and Neuropsychological Performance among Ritual Users of Ayahuasca: a Longitudinal Study. PLoS One, 7(8), e42421.
Brierley, D. I. & Davidson, C. (2012). Developments in Harmine Pharmacology- Implications for Ayahuasca Use and Drug-Dependence Treatment. Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry, 39(2), 263-272.
Callaway, J. C., Airaksinen, M. M., McKenna, D. J., Brito, G. S., & Grob, C. S. (1994). Platelet Serotonin Uptake Sites Increased in Drinkers of Ayahuasca. Psychopharmacology, 116(3), 385-387.
Callaway, J. C., Raymon, L. P., Hearn, W. L., McKenna, D. J., Grob, C. S., Brito, G. S., & Mash, D. C. (1996). Quantitation of N, N-dimethyltryptamine and Harmala Alkaloids in Human Plasma after Oral Dosing with Ayahuasca. Journal of Analytical Toxicology, 20(6), 492-497.
Callaway, J. C., McKenna, D. J., Grob, C. S., Brito, G., Raymon, L. P., Poland, R. E., ... & Mash, D. C. (1999). Pharmacokinetics of Hoasca Alkaloids in Healthy Humans. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 65(3), 243-256.
Callaway, J. C., Grob, C. S., McKenna, D. J., Nichols, D. E., Shulgins, A., & Tupper, K. W. (2006). A Demand for Clarity Regarding a Case Report on the Ingestion of 5- methoxy-N, N-dimethyltryptamine (5-MeO-DMT) in an Ayahuasca Preparation. Journal of Analytical Toxicology, 30(6), 406-407.
Cavnar, C. (2011). The Effects of Participation in Ayahuasca Rituals on Gays’ and Lesbians’ Self Perception (Disertación doctoral). John F. Kennedy University, Pleasant Hill, CA. Recuperado de http://www.neip.info/upd_blob/0001/ 1455.pdf
Dai, F., Chen, Y., Song, Y., Huang, L., Zhai, D., Dong, Y., ... & Yi, Z. (2012). A Natural Small Molecule Harmine Inhibits Angiogenesis and Suppresses Tumour Growth Through Activation of p53 in Endothelial Cells. PloS One, 7(12), e52162.
Drucker, G., Raikoff, K., Neafsey, E. J., & Collins, M. A. (1990). Dopamine Uptake Inhibitory Capacities of β-Carboline and 3, 4-Dihydro-β-Carboline Analogs of N-Methyl-4-Phenyl1, 2, 3, 6-Tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) Oxidation Products. Brain Research, 509(1), 125-133.
Fábregas, J. M., González, D., Fondevila, S., Cutchet, M., Fernández, X., Barbosa, P. C. R., ... & Bouso, J. C. (2010). Assessment of Addiction Severity Among Ritual Users of Ayahuasca. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 111(3), 257-261.
Fortunato, J. J., Réus, G. Z., Kirsch, T. R., Stringari, R. B., Fries, G. R., Kapczinski, F., ... & Quevedo, J. (2010a). Effects of β-Carboline Harmine on Behavioral and Physiological Parameters Observed in the Chronic Mild Stress Model: Further Evidence of Antidepressant Properties. Brain Research Bulletin, 81(4), 491-496.
Fortunato, J. J., Réus, G. Z., Kirsch, T. R., Stringari, R. B., Fries, G. R., Kapczinski, F., ... & Quevedo, J. (2010b). Chronic Administration of Harmine Elicits Antidepressant-Like Effects and Increases BDNF Levels in Rat Hippocampus. Journal of Neural Transmission, 117(10), 1131-1137.
Frecska, E. (2007). Therapeutic Guidelines: Dangers and Contra-Indications in Therapeutic Applications of Hallucinogens. Psychedelic Medicine: New Evidence for Hallucinogenic Substances as Treatments, 1, 69-95.
Gable, R. S. (2007). Risk assessment of ritual use of oral dimethyltryptamine (DMT) and harmala alkaloids. Addiction, 102(1), 24-34.
Grella, B., Teitler, M., Smith, C., Herrick-Davis, K., & Glennon, R. A. (2003). Binding of β-Carbolines at 5-HT 2 Serotonin Receptors. Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters, 13(24), 4421-4425.
Grob, C. S., Mckenna, D. J., Callaway, J. C., Brito, G. S., Neves, E. S., Oberlaender, G., ... & Boone, K. B. (1996). Human Psychopharmacology of Hoasca, a Plant Hallucinogen Used in Ritual Context in Brazil. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 184(2), 86-94.
Halpern, J. H., Sherwood, A. R., Passie, T., Blackwell, K. C., & Ruttenber, A. J. (2008). Evidence of Health and Safety in American Members of a Religion Who Use a Hallucinogenic Sacrament. Medical Science Monitor, 14(8), SR15-SR22.
Heo, H. J. & Lee, C. Y. (2005). Epicatechin and Catechin in Cocoa Inhibit Amyloid β Protein Induced Apoptosis. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 53(5), 1445-1448.
Holmstedt, B. O. & Lindgren, J. (1967). Chemical Constituents and Pharmacology of South American Snuffs. Psychopharmacology Bulletin, 4(3), 16.
Holt, A. (2003). Imidazoline Binding Sites on Receptors and Enzymes: Emerging Targets for Novel Antidepressant Drugs? Journal of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, 28(6), 409-414.
Husbands, S. M., Glennon, R. A., Gorgerat, S., Gough, R., Tyacke, R., Crosby, J., ... & Hudson, A. L. (2001). βcarboline Binding to Imidazoline Receptors. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 64(2), 203-208.
Labate, B. C. (2011). Consumption of Ayahuasca by Children and Pregnant Women: Medical Controversies and Religious Perspectives. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 43(1), 27-35.
Leibenluft, E. & Wehr, T. A. (1992). Is Sleep Deprivation Useful in the Treatment of Depression? The American Journal of Psychiatry, 149(2), 159.
Lima, F. A. S. & Tófoli, L. F. (2011). An Epidemiological Surveillance System by the UDV: Mental Health Recommendations Concerning the Religious Use of Hoasca. En B. C. Labate & H. Jungaberle (Eds.), The Internationalization of Ayahuasca (pp.185-189). Zürich: LIT Verlag Münster.
Lima, F., Naves, M., Motta, J., Migueli, J., & Brito, G. (2002). Sistema de monitoramento psiquiátrico em usuários do chá hoasca. Revista Brasileira de Psiquiatria, 24.
Luna, L. E. (2011). Indigenous and Mestizo Use of Ayahuasca: an Overview. En R. G. dos Santos (Ed), The Etnopharmacology of Ayahuasca (pp. 1-21). Recuperado de http://ejournal.narotama.ac.id/files/Indigenous %20and%20mestizo%20use%20of%20Ayahuasca. %20An%20overview.pdf
Mabit, J. (1996). Takiwasi: Ayahuasca and Shamanism in Addiction Therapy. MAPS Newsletter, 6(3), 34-40.
Mabit, J. (2002). Using Indigenous Medicinal Knowledge to Treat Drug Addiction. MAPS Bull, 12(2), 25-32.
McKenna, D. J., Towers, G. N., & Abbott, F. (1984). Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors in South American Hallucinogenic Plants: Tryptamine and β-Carboline Constituents of Ayahuasca. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 10(2), 195-223.
Osório, F. L, Macedo, L. R. H. de, Sousa, J. P. M. de, Pinto, J. P., Quevedo, J., Souza Crippa, J. A. de, & Hallak, J. E. C. (2011). The Therapeutic Potential of Harmine and Ayahuasca in Depression: Evidence from Exploratory Animal and Human Studies. En R. G. dos Santos (Ed), The etnopharmacology of ayahuasca (pp. 75-85). Recuperado de http://srv1.iceers.org/docs/science/ayahuasca/ Rafael_Guimares_The%20Ethnopharmacology_of_Ayahuasca/ EthnopharmAyahuasca_Chapter5.pdf
Quirce-Balma, C. M., Badilla-Baltodano, B., Badilla-Chaves, S., Martínez-Herrera, M., & Rodríguez, J. M. (2010). Los alucinógenos: su historia, antropología, química y farmacología. Psicogente 13(23), 174-192.
Riba, J. (2003a). Human pharmacology of Ayahuasca (Tesis doctoral). Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, España. Recuperado de http://www.tdx.cesca.es/TDX-0701104165104/
Riba, J. & Barbanoj, M. J. (2005). Bringing Ayahuasca to the Clinical Research Laboratory. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 37(2), 219-230.
Riba, J., Anderer, P., Jané F., Saletu, B., & Barbanoj, M. J. (2004). Effects of the South American Psychoactive Beverage Ayahuasca on Regional Brain Electrical Activity in Humans: A Functional Neuroimaging Study Using Low-Resolution Electromagnetic Tomography. Neuropsychobiology 50(1), 89-101.
Riba, J., Rodríguez-Fornells, A., Urbano, G., Morte, A., Antonijoan, R., Montero, M., ... & Barbanoj, M. J. (2001). Subjective Effects and Tolerability of the South American Psychoactive Beverage Ayahuasca in Healthy Volunteers. Psychopharmacology, 154(1), 85-95.
Santos, R. G. dos. (2011). Ayahuasca: Physiological and Subjective Effects, Comparison with d-amphetamine, and Repeated Dose Assessment (Tesis doctoral). Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, España. Recuperado de https:// www.educacion.gob.es/teseo/mostrarRef.do
Santos, R. G. dos, Valle, M., Bouso, J. C., Nomdedéu, J. F., Rodríguez-Espinosa, J., McIlhenny, E. H., ... & Riba, J. (2011). Autonomic, Neuroendocrine, and Immunological Effects of Ayahuasca: a Comparative Study with d-amphetamine. Journal of Clinical. Psychopharmacology, 31(6), 717-726. Santos, R. G. dos, Grasa, E., Valle, M., Ballester, M. R., Bouso,
J. C., Nomdedéu, J. F., ... & Riba, J. (2012). Pharmacology of Ayahuasca Administered in Two Repeated Doses. Psychopharmacology, 219(4), 1039-1053.
Scherschlicht, R., Polc, P., Schneeberger, J., Steiner, M., & Haefely, W. (1982). Selective Suppression of Rapid Eye Movement Sleep (REMS) in Cats by Typical and Atypical Antidepressants. Advances in Biochemical Psychopharmacology, 31, 359-364.
Schwarz, M. J., Houghton, P. J., Rose, S., Jenner, P., & Lees, A. D. (2003). Activities of Extract and Constituents of Banisteriopsis caapi Relevant to Parkinsonism. Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior, 75(3), 627-633.
Serrano, M., Cardozo, F., & Sánchez, J. (2001). Effects of Banisteriopsis caapi Extract on Parkinson’s disease. The Scientific Review of Alternative Medicine, 5(3), 127-132.
Sitz, J. H., Baumgärtel, K., Hämmerle, B., Papadopoulos, C., Hekerman, P., Tejedor, F. J., ... & Lutz, B. (2008). The Down Syndrome Candidate Dual-Specificity Tyrosine Phosphorylation-Regulated Kinase 1A Phosphorylates the Neurodegeneration- Related Septin 4. Neuroscience, 157(3), 596-605.
Sklerov, J., Levine, B., Moore, K. A., King, T., & Fowler, D. (2005). A Fatal Intoxication Following the Ingestion of 5Methoxy-N, N-Dimethyltryptamine in an Ayahuasca Preparation. Journal of Analytical Toxicology, 29(8), 838-841.
Stahl, S. M. & Felker, A. (2008). Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors: a Modern Guide to an Unrequited Class of Antidepressants. CNS Spectrums, 13(10), 855-871.
Vogel, G. W., Buffenstein, A., Minter, K., & Hennessey, A. (1990). Drug Effects on REM Sleep and on Endogenous Depression. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 14(1), 49-63.
Vollenweider, F. X. & Kometer, M. (2010). The Neurobiology of Psychedelic Drugs: Implications for the Treatment of Mood Disorders. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 11(9), 642-651.
Wang, Y. H., Samoylenko, V., Tekwani, B. L., Khan, I. A., Miller, L. S., Chaurasiya, N. D., ... & Muhammad, I. (2010). Composition, Standardization and Chemical Profiling of Banisteriopsis caapi, a Plant for the Treatment of Neurodegenerative Disorders Relevant to Parkinson’s Disease. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 128(3), 662-671.
Warren, R. J. (2004). Fatal Nicotine Intoxication Resulting from the Ingestión of «Ayahuasca». Journal of Analytical Toxicology, 28(4), 287.
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How to Cite
The pharmacological properties of ayahuasca. (2015). LIBERABIT. Revista Peruana De Psicología, 21(2), 313-319. https://ojs3lib.epu.edu.pe/index.php/Liberabit/article/view/276
