Depression and anxiety during the mandatory isolation period due to COVID-19 in Lima Metropolitan Area
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.24265/liberabit.2020.v26n2.09Keywords:
coronavirus, mental health, pandemics, depression, anxietyAbstract
Background: the implementation of public health measures such as quarantines and isolation is a useful strategy for disease control; nonetheless, said measures may also have consequences on mental health. Objectives: to describe the prevalence of depression and anxiety symptoms in adults living in Lima Metropolitan Area during the social isolation period due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Method: items from the Lima Anxiety Scale [EAL-20] and the Depressive Psychopathology Scale [EPD-6] were used in a sample of 565 adults living in Lima Metropolitan Area during the health emergency. Results: prevalence of anxiety and depression symptoms were identified. Also, differences regarding sex, age, education level, and modality of work or study were found. Conclusions: the mandatory isolation period involves the prevalence of anxiety and depression symptoms in adults living in Lima Metropolitan Area. Such phenomena might occur in different ways according to the different sociodemographic variables. These findings are consistent with those from international studies; thus, they should be considered when making decisions related to public health policies.
Authorship contribution
DEPM: Contribution in the conception and design of the article, bibliographic review, writing and revision critique of the results to generate discussion of equitable manner.
GLAB: Contribution in the conception and design of the article, bibliographic review, writing and revision critique of the results to generate discussion of equitable manner.
IDP: Contribution in the conception and design of the article, bibliographic review, writing and revision critique of the results to generate discussion of equitable manner.
GLVB: Contribution in the conception and design of the article, bibliographic review, writing and revision critique of the results to generate discussion of equitable manner.
LAMS: Contribution in the conception and design of the article, bibliographic review, writing and revision critique of the results to generate discussion of equitable manner.
CSLN: Contribution in the conception and design of the article, bibliographic review, writing and revision critique of the results to generate discussion of equitable manner.
KAUB: Contribution in the conception and design of the article, bibliographic review, writing and revision critique of the results to generate discussion of equitable manner.
ACHZ: Method development and analysis statistical data.
Downloads
References
Brooks, S., Webster, R., Smith, L., Woodland, L., Wessely, S., Greenberg, N., & Rubin, G. (2020). The Psychological Impact of Quarantine and How to Reduce It: Rapid Review of the Evidence. The Lancet, 395(10227), 912-920. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30460-8
Brown, T. A. (2015). Confirmatory Factor Analysis for Applied Research. The Guilford Press.
Cho, E. (2020). Examining Boundaries to Understand the Impact of COVID-19 on Vocational Behaviors. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 119. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2020.103437
Cohen, J. (1992). A Power Primer. Psychological Bulletin, 112(1), 155-1599. https://doi.apa.org/doi/10.1037/0033-2909.112.1.155
Hilliard, J., Kear, K., Donelan, H., & Heaney, C. (2020). Students’ Experiences of Anxiety in an Assessed, Online, Collaborative Project. Computers & Education, 143. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2019.103675
Hossain, M., Sultana, A., & Purohit, N. (2020). Mental Health Outcomes of Quarantine and Isolation for Infection Prevention: A Systematic Umbrella Review of the Global Evidence. PsyArXiv, 42. https://doi.org/10.4178/epih.e2020038
Howitt, D., & Cramer, D. (2017). Research Methods in Psychology. Pearson.
Huarcaya-Victoria, J. (2020). Consideraciones sobre la salud mental en la pandemia de COVID-19. Revista Peruana de Medicina Experimental y Salud Pública, 37(2), 327-334. https://doi.org/10.17843/rpmesp.2020.372.5419
Hyun-Chung, K., So-Young, Y., Bun-Hee, L., So, L., & Hyoung-Shik, S. (2018). Psychiatric Findings in Suspected and Confirmed Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Patients Quarantined in Hospital: A Retrospective Chart Analysis. Psychiatry Investigation, 15(4), 355-360. https://doi.org/10.30773/pi.2017.10.25.1
Keith, T. Z. (2019). Multiple regression and beyond: An introduction to multiple regression and structural equation modeling (3rd ed.). Routledge
Lei, L., Huang, X., Zhang, S., Yang, J., Yang, L., & Xu, M. (2020). Comparison of Prevalence and Associated Factors of Anxiety and Depression Among People Affected by versus People Unaffected by Quarantine During the COVID-19 Epidemic in Southwestern China. Medical Science Monitor, 26, e924609. https://doi.org/10.12659/MSM.924609
Lozano-Vargas, A., & Vega-Dienstmaier, J. M. (2018). Construcción y propiedades psicométricas de la Escala de Ansiedad de Lima de 20 ítems (EAL-20). Revista de Neuro-Psiquiatría, 81(4), 226-234. https://doi.org/10.20453/rnp.v81i4.3437
Misirlis, N., Zwaan, M., & Weber, D. (2020). International Students’ Loneliness, Depression and Stress Levels in COVID-19 Crisis: The Role of Social Media and the Host University. arXiv. https://arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/2005/2005.12806.pdf
Oliveira, E., Zeitoune, R., Gallasch, C., Pérez, E., Silva, A.,& Souza, T. (2020). Common Mental Disorders in Nursing Students of the Professionalizing Cycle.
Revista Brasileira de Enfermagem, 73(1), e20180154. https://doi.org/10.1590/0034-7167-2018-0154
Organización Mundial de la Salud. (2020, 19 de marzo). Considerations for Quarantine of Individuals in the Context of Containment for Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19): Interim Guidance. https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/331497
Ozamiz-Etxebarria, N., Dosil-Santamaria, M., PicazaGorrochategui, M., & Idoiaga-Mondragon, N. (2020). Niveles de estrés, ansiedad y depresión en la primera fase del brote del COVID-19 en una muestra recogida en el norte de España. Cadernos de Saúde Pública, 36(4), e00054020 . http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0102-311x00054020
Özdin, S., & Özdin, S. B. (2020). Levels and Predictors of Anxiety, Depression, and Health Anxiety During COVID-19 Pandemic in Turkish Society: The Importance of Gender. International Journal of Social Psychiatry, 66(5) 504-511. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0020764020927051
Pappa, S., Ntella, V., Giannakas, T., Giannakoulis, V. G., Papoutsi, E., & Katsaounou, P. (2020). Prevalence of Depression, Anxiety, and Insomnia Among Healthcare Workers During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Brain, Behavior, and Immunity, 88, 901-907. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2020.05.026
Park, S. C., & Park, Y. C. (2020). Mental Health Care Measures in Response to the 2019 Novel Coronavirus Outbreak in Korea. Psychiatry Investigation, 17(2), 85-86. https://doi.org/10.30773/pi.2020.0058
Rubin, G. J., & Wessely, S. (2020). The Psychological Effects of Quarantining a city. BMJ, 368, m313. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.m313
Schwartz, J., King, C. C., & Yen, M. Y. (2020). Protecting Healthcare Workers During the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Outbreak: Lessons from Taiwan’s Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Response. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 71(15), 858-890. https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciaa255
Sinha, D., & Manna, P. (2020). The Effect of Lockdown Due to Covid-19 on Post-traumatic Stress and Depression Among College Students of Kolkata,
Hotspot District of West Bengal, India. Journal of Humanities and Social Science, 25(5), 58-64.
Shigemura, J., Ursano, R., Morganstein, J., Kurosawa, M., & Benedek, D. M. (2020). Public Responses to The Novel 2019 Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) in Japan: Mental Health Consequences and Target Populations. Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 74(4), 281-282. https://doi.org/10.1111/pcn.12988
Shuai, L., Yang, L., Zhang, C., Xiang, Y., Liu, Z., Hu, S., & Zhang, B. (2020). Online Mental Health Services in China During the Covid-19 Outbreak. The Lancet, 7(4), E17-E18. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(20)30077-8
Tavares, C. K., Medeiros, P. M. de, Silva, I., Oliveira, V. A. de, Seves, J., Inácio, R., Lima, C. G., & Rolim, M. L. (2020). The Emotional Impact of Coronavirus 2019-nCoV (New Coronavirus Disease). Psychiatry Research, 287,112915. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.112915
Torales, J., O’Higgins, M., Castaldelli-Maia, J. M., & Ventriglio, A. (2020). The Outbreak of COVID-19 Coronavirus and its Impact on Global Mental Health. International Journal of Social Psychiatry, 66(4), 317-320. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0020764020915212
Vega-Dienstmaier, J. M. (2018). Construcción de versiones cortas de la Escala de Psicopatología Depresiva para tamizaje de depresión mayor y sus características psicométricas. Revista de Neuro-Psiquiatría, 81(3), 154-164. https://doi.org/10.20453/rnp.v81i3.3383
Viladrich, C., Angulo-Brunet, A., & Doval, E. (2017). A Journey Around Alpha and Omega to Estimate Internal Consistency. Anales de Psicología, 33(3), 755-782.https://doi.org/10.6018/analesps.33.3.268401
Wang, C., Pan, R., Wan, X., Tan, Y., Xu, L., Ho, C. S., & Ho, R. C. (2020). Immediate Psychological Responses and Associated Factors During the Initial Stage of the 2019 Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Epidemic Among the General Population in China. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(5), 1729. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17051729
Xiang, Y., Yang, Y., Li, W., Zhang, L., Zhang, Q., Cheung, T., & Ng, C. H. (2020). Timely Mental Health care for the 2019 Novel Coronavirus Outbreak is Urgently
Needed. The Lancet: Psychiatry, 7(3), 228-229. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(20)30046-8
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright: In the event that the manuscript is approved for future publication, the authors retain the copyright and assign to the journal the rights to publish, edit, reproduce, distribute, exhibit, and communicate nationally and internationally in the various databases, repositories and portals.
Self-archiving policy: The author can share, disseminate, and publicize his research published by the media (e.g., academic social networks, repositories, and portals) available on the web. During the editorial review process, the journal will provide the author with the previous versions (post-print) which should NOT be disclosed by any media, only for personal use and for final approval. Liberabit will send the author the final version of the article (published version) in PDF and HTML to be shared, disseminated and disclosed by the media available on the web. After the publication of the articles, the authors can make other independent or additional agreements for the non-exclusive dissemination of the version of the article published in this journal (publication in books or institutional repositories), provided that it is indicated with the respective reference that the work has been published for the first time in this journal.
How to Cite
