The role of working memory and sustained attention in explanatory inference generation
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.24265/liberabit.2017.v23n2.05Keywords:
comprehension, expository texts, inferences, working memory, sustained attentionAbstract
The aim of this work was to study the relationship between working memory, sustained attention and explanatory inference generation in expository texts comprehension. To this end, 120 undergraduate students read two expository texts from natural sciences and completed an inference generation questionnaire, along with four verbal working memory tasks and two sustained attention tasks. The results showed that the executive component of verbal working memory has a direct effect on inference generation, while sustained attention and information storage in verbal working memory have an indirect effect mediated by the executive component. This supports the idea that individual differences in inference generation are related to individual differences in working memory, and also to individual differences in the ability to sustain attention.
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References
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Baddeley, A. D. (2012). Working Memory: Theories, Models, and Controversies. Annual Review of Psychology, 63, 1-29. doi: 10.1146/annurev-psych- 120710-100422
Baddeley, A. D., & Hitch, G. J. (1974). Working memory. In G. H. Bower (Ed.), The Psychology of Learning and Motivation: Advances in Research and Theory (Vol. 8, pp. 47-90). New York, NY: Academic Press.
Barreyro, J. P., Cevasco, J., Burin, D. I., & Molinari, C. (2012). Working memory capacity and individual differences in the making of reinstatement and elaborative inferences. Spanish Journal of Psychology, 15(2), 471-479. doi: 10.5209/rev_SJOP.2012.v15.n2.38857
Barreyro, J. P., Injoque Ricle, I., Formoso, J., & Burin, D. (en evaluación). Computerized Working Memory Battery (BIMeT-V): Studying the Relation between Working Memory, Verbal Reasoning and Reading Comprehension.
Barth, A., Barnes, M. A., Francis, D., York, M., & Vaughn, S. (2015). Bridging inferences among adequate and struggling adolescent comprehenders and relations to reading comprehension. Reading and Writing, 28(5), 587-609. doi: 10.1007/s11145-014-9540-1
Bohn-Gettler, C. M., & Kendeou, P. (2014). The interplay of reader goals, working memory, and text structure during reading. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 39(3), 206–219. doi: 10.1016/ j.cedpsych.2014.05.003
Brock, S. E., & Knapp, P. K. (1996). Reading comprehension abilities of children with attention- deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Journal of Attention Disorders, 1(13), 173-185.
Budd, D., Whitney, P., & Turley, K. (1995). Individual differences in working memory strategies for reading expository text. Memory & Cognition, 23, 735-748. doi: 10.3758/BF03200926
Calvo, M. G. (2004). Relative contribution of vocabulary knowledge and working memory span to elaborative inferences in reading. Learning and Individual Differences, 15, 53-65. doi: 10.1016/j.lindif.2004.07.002
Carlson, S. E., van den Broek, P., McMaster, K., Rapp, D. N., Bohn-Gettler, C. M., Kendeou, P., & White, M. J. (2014). Effects of comprehension skill on inference generation during reading. International Journal of Disability, Development and Education, 61(3), 258- 274. doi: 10.1080/1034912X.2014.934004
Carretti, B., Borella, E., Cornoldi, C., & De Beni, R. (2009). Role of working memory in explaining the performance of individuals with specific reading comprehension difficulties: A meta-analysis. Learning and Individual Differences, 19, 246 –251. doi: 10.1016/ j.lindif.200810.002
Cornoldi, C., & Oakhill, J. V. (2013). Reading comprehension difficulties: Processes and intervention. Oxford, UK: Routledge.
Cowan, N. (2012). Working memory capacity. New York, NY: Psychology press.
Currie, N. K., & Cain, K. (2015). Children’s inference generation: The role of vocabulary and working memory. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 137, 57–75. doi: 10.1016/j.jecp.2015.03.005
Diamond, A., & Goldman-Rakic, P. S. (1989). Comparison of human infants and rhesus monkeys on Piaget ́s tasks: Evidence of dependence on dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. Experimental Brain Research, 74(9), 24-40.
Elbro, C., & Buch-Iversen, I. (2013). Activation of background knowledge for inference making: effects on reading comprehension. Scientific Studies of Reading, 17(6), 435-452. doi: 10.1080/ 10888438.2013.774005
Freed, J., & Cain, K. (2016). Assessing school-aged children’s inference-making: the effect of story test format in listening comprehension. International Journal of Language & Comunication Disorders, 52, 95–105. doi: 10.1111/1460-6984.12260
Graesser, A. C., & Bertus, E. L. (1998). The construction of causal inferences while reading expository texts on science and technology. Scientific Studies of Reading, 2(3), 247-269. doi: 10.1207/s1532799xssr0203_4
Graesser, A. C., Leon, J. A., & Otero, J. C. (2002). Introduction to the psychology of science text comprehension. In J. Otero, J. A. Leon & A. C. Graesser (Eds.), The psychology of science text comprehension (pp. 1-15). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
Graesser, A. C., Singer, M., & Trabasso, T. (1994). Constructing inferences during narrative text comprehension. Psychological Review, 101, 371-395.
Hair, F., Anderson, R. E., Tatham, R. L., & Black, W. C. (1998). Multivariate data analysis with readings. New Jersey, NJ: Prentice Hall.
Hannon, B. (2012). Understanding the Relative Contributions of Lower Level Word Processes, Higher Level Processes, and Working Memory to Reading Comprehension Performance in Proficient Adult Readers. Reading Research Quarterly, 47(2), 125-152. doi: 10.1598/0710.33
Harrington, D. (2008). Confirmatory factor analysis. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Hecker, L., Burns, L., Katz, L., Elkind, J., & Elkind, K. (2002). Benefits of assistive reading software for students with attention disorders. Annals of Dyslexia, 52(1), 243-272.
Hu, L., & Bentler, P. M. (1998). Fit indices in covariance structure modeling: Sensitivity to underparameterized model misspecification. Psychological Methods, 3, 424–453. doi: 10.1037/1082-989X.3.4.424
Hu, L., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cut-off criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling, 6, 1-55. doi: 10.1080/10705519909540118
Jaccard, J., & Wan, C. K. (1996). LISREL approaches to interaction effects in multiple regression. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
Kane, M. J., & Engle, R. W. (2000). Working-memory capacity, proactive interference, and divided attention: limits on long-term memory retrieval. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 26(2), 336-358. doi: 10.1037/0278- 7393.26.2.336
Kendeou, P., Smith, E. R., & O’Brien, E. J. (2013). Updating during reading comprehension: Why causality matters. Journal of Experimental Psychology. Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 39, 854–865. doi: 10.1037/ a0029468
Kintsch, W., Patel, V. L., & Ericsson, K. A. (1999). The role of long-term working memory in text comprehension. Psychologia, 42(4), 186-198.
Kintsch, W., & van Dijk, T. A. (1978). Towards a model of text comprehension and production. Psychological Review, 85, 363-394. doi: 10.1037/0033-295X.85.5.363
Leon, J. A., & Peñalba, G. E. (2002). Understanding Causality and Temporal Sequence in Scientific Discourse. In J. Otero, J. A. Leon & A. Graesser (Eds.), The Psychology of Science Text Comprehension (pp. 155-178). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlabaum.
Loosli, S. V., Buschkuehl, M., Perrig, W. J., & Jaeggi, S. M. (2012). Working memory training improves reading processes in typically developing children. Child Neuropsychology, 18(1), 62-78. doi: 10.1080/ 09297049.2011.575772
McVay, J. C., & Kane, M. J. (2012). Why does working memory capacity predict variation in reading comprehension? On the influence of mind wandering and executive attention. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 141(2), 302-320. doi: 10.1037/ a0025250
Pérez, A. I., Paolieri, D., Macizo, P., & Bajo, T. (2014). The role of working memory in inferential sentence comprehension. Cognitive processing, 15(3), 405-413. doi: 10.1007/s10339-014-0611-7
Prat, C. S., Seo, R., & , & Yamasaki, B. L. (2016). The Role of Individual Differences in Working Memory Capacity on Reading Comprehension Ability. In P. Afflerbach (Ed.), Handbook of Individual Differences in Reading: Reader, Text, and Context (pp. 331-347). New York, NY: Routledge.
Rebollo, M. A., & Montiel, S. (2006). Atención y Funciones Ejecutivas. Revista de Neuropsicología, 42(3), 3-7.
Saux, G., Irrazabal, N. & Burin, D.I. (2014). Comprensión de textos de ciencias en estudiantes universitarios: generación de inferencias causales durante la lectura. Liberabit, 20(2), 305-313.
Shumacker, R. E., & Lomax, R. G. (1996). A beginner guide to structural equation modeling: Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
Singer, M., Harkness, D., & Stewart, T. (1997). Constructing inferences in expository text comprehension. Discourse Processes, 24, 199-228.
Singer, M., & O’Connell, G. (2003). Robust inference processes in expository text comprehension. European Journal of Cognitive Psychology, 15(4), 607-631. doi: 10.1080/095414400340000079
Snow, C. (2002). Reading for understanding: Toward an R&D program in reading comprehension. Arlington, VA.
Unsworth, N., & McMillan, B. D. (2013). Mind wandering and reading comprehension: Examining the roles of working memory capacity, interest, motivation, and topic experience. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 39(3), 832-842. doi: 10.1037/a0029669
Updlike, J. (2009). Marte, regreso al planeta rojo. National Geographic España, 24(1), 2-19.
van den Broek, P., & Kendeou, P. (2008). Cognitive processes in comprehension of science texts: The role of co-activation in confronting misconceptions. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 22, 335-351. doi: 10.1002/acp.1418
van den Broek, P., Mouw, J. M., & Kraal, A. (2016). Individual Differences in Reading Comprehension. In P. Afflerbach (Ed.), Handbook of Individual Differences in Reading: Reader, Text, and Context (pp. 138-150). New York, NY: Routledge.
van den Broek, P., Risden, K. C., Fletcher, C. R., & Thurlow, R. (1996). A «landscape» view of reading: Fluctuating patterns of activation and the construction of a stable memory representation. . In B. K. Britton & A. C. Graesser (Eds.), Models of understanding text (pp. 165-187). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
van den Broek, P., Rohleder, L., & Narváez, D. (1996). Causal inferences in the comprehension of literary text. In R. J. Kreuz & M. S. MacNealy (Eds.), Empirical approaches to literature and aesthetics. Norwood, NJ: Ablex Publishing Corporation.
van den Broek, P., Virtue, S., Everson, M., Tzeng, Y., & Sung, Y. C. (2002). Comprehension and memory of science texts: Inferential processes and the construction of a mental representation. In J. Otero, J. A. Leon & A. C. Graesser (Eds.), The Psychology of Science Text Comprehension (pp. 131–154). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.
Van Dijk, T., & Kintsch, W. (1983). Strategies of discourse comprehension. New York, NY: Academic Press.
Van Dyke, J. A., Johns, C. L., & Kukona, A. (2014). Low working memory capacity is only spuriously related to poor reading comprehension. Cognition, 131(3), 373- 403. doi: 10.1016/j.cognition.2014.01.007
Vidal-Abarca, E., Martínez, E., & Gilabert, R. (2000). Two procedures to improve instructional text: Effects on memory and learning. Journal of Educational Psychology, 92, 107-116. doi: 10.1037/0022- 0663.92.1.107
Vidal-Abarca, E., Reyes, H., Gilabert, R., Calpe, J., Soria, E., & Graesser, A. C. (2002). ETAT: Expository Text Analysis Tool. Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers, 34, 93-107. doi: 10.3758/ BF03195428
Wang, S., & Gathercole, S. E. (2013). Working memory deficits in children with reading difficulties: memory span and dual task coordination. Journal of Experimental Child Csychology, 115(1), 188-197. doi: 10.1016/j.jecp.2012.11.015
Wechsler, D. (2003). WAIS III: Test de Inteligencia para Adultos. Buenos Aires, AR: Paidós.
Arbuckle, J. L. (2014). IBM SPSS AMOS 22 User’s Guide. Mount Pleasant, SC: Amos Development Corporation.
Awh, E., & Jonides, J. (2001). Overlapping mechanisms of attention and spatial working memory. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 5(3), 119-126.
Baddeley, A. D. (2010). Working memory. Current Biology, 20(4), 136-140. doi: 10.1016/j.cub.2009.12.014
Baddeley, A. D. (2012). Working Memory: Theories, Models, and Controversies. Annual Review of Psychology, 63, 1-29. doi: 10.1146/annurev-psych- 120710-100422
Baddeley, A. D., & Hitch, G. J. (1974). Working memory. In G. H. Bower (Ed.), The Psychology of Learning and Motivation: Advances in Research and Theory (Vol. 8, pp. 47-90). New York, NY: Academic Press.
Barreyro, J. P., Cevasco, J., Burin, D. I., & Molinari, C. (2012). Working memory capacity and individual differences in the making of reinstatement and elaborative inferences. Spanish Journal of Psychology, 15(2), 471-479. doi: 10.5209/rev_SJOP.2012.v15.n2.38857
Barreyro, J. P., Injoque Ricle, I., Formoso, J., & Burin, D. (en evaluación). Computerized Working Memory Battery (BIMeT-V): Studying the Relation between Working Memory, Verbal Reasoning and Reading Comprehension.
Barth, A., Barnes, M. A., Francis, D., York, M., & Vaughn, S. (2015). Bridging inferences among adequate and struggling adolescent comprehenders and relations to reading comprehension. Reading and Writing, 28(5), 587-609. doi: 10.1007/s11145-014-9540-1
Bohn-Gettler, C. M., & Kendeou, P. (2014). The interplay of reader goals, working memory, and text structure during reading. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 39(3), 206–219. doi: 10.1016/ j.cedpsych.2014.05.003
Brock, S. E., & Knapp, P. K. (1996). Reading comprehension abilities of children with attention- deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Journal of Attention Disorders, 1(13), 173-185.
Budd, D., Whitney, P., & Turley, K. (1995). Individual differences in working memory strategies for reading expository text. Memory & Cognition, 23, 735-748. doi: 10.3758/BF03200926
Calvo, M. G. (2004). Relative contribution of vocabulary knowledge and working memory span to elaborative inferences in reading. Learning and Individual Differences, 15, 53-65. doi: 10.1016/j.lindif.2004.07.002
Carlson, S. E., van den Broek, P., McMaster, K., Rapp, D. N., Bohn-Gettler, C. M., Kendeou, P., & White, M. J. (2014). Effects of comprehension skill on inference generation during reading. International Journal of Disability, Development and Education, 61(3), 258- 274. doi: 10.1080/1034912X.2014.934004
Carretti, B., Borella, E., Cornoldi, C., & De Beni, R. (2009). Role of working memory in explaining the performance of individuals with specific reading comprehension difficulties: A meta-analysis. Learning and Individual Differences, 19, 246 –251. doi: 10.1016/ j.lindif.200810.002
Cornoldi, C., & Oakhill, J. V. (2013). Reading comprehension difficulties: Processes and intervention. Oxford, UK: Routledge.
Cowan, N. (2012). Working memory capacity. New York, NY: Psychology press.
Currie, N. K., & Cain, K. (2015). Children’s inference generation: The role of vocabulary and working memory. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 137, 57–75. doi: 10.1016/j.jecp.2015.03.005
Diamond, A., & Goldman-Rakic, P. S. (1989). Comparison of human infants and rhesus monkeys on Piaget ́s tasks: Evidence of dependence on dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. Experimental Brain Research, 74(9), 24-40.
Elbro, C., & Buch-Iversen, I. (2013). Activation of background knowledge for inference making: effects on reading comprehension. Scientific Studies of Reading, 17(6), 435-452. doi: 10.1080/ 10888438.2013.774005
Freed, J., & Cain, K. (2016). Assessing school-aged children’s inference-making: the effect of story test format in listening comprehension. International Journal of Language & Comunication Disorders, 52, 95–105. doi: 10.1111/1460-6984.12260
Graesser, A. C., & Bertus, E. L. (1998). The construction of causal inferences while reading expository texts on science and technology. Scientific Studies of Reading, 2(3), 247-269. doi: 10.1207/s1532799xssr0203_4
Graesser, A. C., Leon, J. A., & Otero, J. C. (2002). Introduction to the psychology of science text comprehension. In J. Otero, J. A. Leon & A. C. Graesser (Eds.), The psychology of science text comprehension (pp. 1-15). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
Graesser, A. C., Singer, M., & Trabasso, T. (1994). Constructing inferences during narrative text comprehension. Psychological Review, 101, 371-395.
Hair, F., Anderson, R. E., Tatham, R. L., & Black, W. C. (1998). Multivariate data analysis with readings. New Jersey, NJ: Prentice Hall.
Hannon, B. (2012). Understanding the Relative Contributions of Lower Level Word Processes, Higher Level Processes, and Working Memory to Reading Comprehension Performance in Proficient Adult Readers. Reading Research Quarterly, 47(2), 125-152. doi: 10.1598/0710.33
Harrington, D. (2008). Confirmatory factor analysis. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Hecker, L., Burns, L., Katz, L., Elkind, J., & Elkind, K. (2002). Benefits of assistive reading software for students with attention disorders. Annals of Dyslexia, 52(1), 243-272.
Hu, L., & Bentler, P. M. (1998). Fit indices in covariance structure modeling: Sensitivity to underparameterized model misspecification. Psychological Methods, 3, 424–453. doi: 10.1037/1082-989X.3.4.424
Hu, L., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cut-off criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling, 6, 1-55. doi: 10.1080/10705519909540118
Jaccard, J., & Wan, C. K. (1996). LISREL approaches to interaction effects in multiple regression. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
Kane, M. J., & Engle, R. W. (2000). Working-memory capacity, proactive interference, and divided attention: limits on long-term memory retrieval. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 26(2), 336-358. doi: 10.1037/0278- 7393.26.2.336
Kendeou, P., Smith, E. R., & O’Brien, E. J. (2013). Updating during reading comprehension: Why causality matters. Journal of Experimental Psychology. Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 39, 854–865. doi: 10.1037/ a0029468
Kintsch, W., Patel, V. L., & Ericsson, K. A. (1999). The role of long-term working memory in text comprehension. Psychologia, 42(4), 186-198.
Kintsch, W., & van Dijk, T. A. (1978). Towards a model of text comprehension and production. Psychological Review, 85, 363-394. doi: 10.1037/0033-295X.85.5.363
Leon, J. A., & Peñalba, G. E. (2002). Understanding Causality and Temporal Sequence in Scientific Discourse. In J. Otero, J. A. Leon & A. Graesser (Eds.), The Psychology of Science Text Comprehension (pp. 155-178). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlabaum.
Loosli, S. V., Buschkuehl, M., Perrig, W. J., & Jaeggi, S. M. (2012). Working memory training improves reading processes in typically developing children. Child Neuropsychology, 18(1), 62-78. doi: 10.1080/ 09297049.2011.575772
McVay, J. C., & Kane, M. J. (2012). Why does working memory capacity predict variation in reading comprehension? On the influence of mind wandering and executive attention. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 141(2), 302-320. doi: 10.1037/ a0025250
Pérez, A. I., Paolieri, D., Macizo, P., & Bajo, T. (2014). The role of working memory in inferential sentence comprehension. Cognitive processing, 15(3), 405-413. doi: 10.1007/s10339-014-0611-7
Prat, C. S., Seo, R., & , & Yamasaki, B. L. (2016). The Role of Individual Differences in Working Memory Capacity on Reading Comprehension Ability. In P. Afflerbach (Ed.), Handbook of Individual Differences in Reading: Reader, Text, and Context (pp. 331-347). New York, NY: Routledge.
Rebollo, M. A., & Montiel, S. (2006). Atención y Funciones Ejecutivas. Revista de Neuropsicología, 42(3), 3-7.
Saux, G., Irrazabal, N. & Burin, D.I. (2014). Comprensión de textos de ciencias en estudiantes universitarios: generación de inferencias causales durante la lectura. Liberabit, 20(2), 305-313.
Shumacker, R. E., & Lomax, R. G. (1996). A beginner guide to structural equation modeling: Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
Singer, M., Harkness, D., & Stewart, T. (1997). Constructing inferences in expository text comprehension. Discourse Processes, 24, 199-228.
Singer, M., & O’Connell, G. (2003). Robust inference processes in expository text comprehension. European Journal of Cognitive Psychology, 15(4), 607-631. doi: 10.1080/095414400340000079
Snow, C. (2002). Reading for understanding: Toward an R&D program in reading comprehension. Arlington, VA.
Unsworth, N., & McMillan, B. D. (2013). Mind wandering and reading comprehension: Examining the roles of working memory capacity, interest, motivation, and topic experience. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 39(3), 832-842. doi: 10.1037/a0029669
Updlike, J. (2009). Marte, regreso al planeta rojo. National Geographic España, 24(1), 2-19.
van den Broek, P., & Kendeou, P. (2008). Cognitive processes in comprehension of science texts: The role of co-activation in confronting misconceptions. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 22, 335-351. doi: 10.1002/acp.1418
van den Broek, P., Mouw, J. M., & Kraal, A. (2016). Individual Differences in Reading Comprehension. In P. Afflerbach (Ed.), Handbook of Individual Differences in Reading: Reader, Text, and Context (pp. 138-150). New York, NY: Routledge.
van den Broek, P., Risden, K. C., Fletcher, C. R., & Thurlow, R. (1996). A «landscape» view of reading: Fluctuating patterns of activation and the construction of a stable memory representation. . In B. K. Britton & A. C. Graesser (Eds.), Models of understanding text (pp. 165-187). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
van den Broek, P., Rohleder, L., & Narváez, D. (1996). Causal inferences in the comprehension of literary text. In R. J. Kreuz & M. S. MacNealy (Eds.), Empirical approaches to literature and aesthetics. Norwood, NJ: Ablex Publishing Corporation.
van den Broek, P., Virtue, S., Everson, M., Tzeng, Y., & Sung, Y. C. (2002). Comprehension and memory of science texts: Inferential processes and the construction of a mental representation. In J. Otero, J. A. Leon & A. C. Graesser (Eds.), The Psychology of Science Text Comprehension (pp. 131–154). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.
Van Dijk, T., & Kintsch, W. (1983). Strategies of discourse comprehension. New York, NY: Academic Press.
Van Dyke, J. A., Johns, C. L., & Kukona, A. (2014). Low working memory capacity is only spuriously related to poor reading comprehension. Cognition, 131(3), 373- 403. doi: 10.1016/j.cognition.2014.01.007
Vidal-Abarca, E., Martínez, E., & Gilabert, R. (2000). Two procedures to improve instructional text: Effects on memory and learning. Journal of Educational Psychology, 92, 107-116. doi: 10.1037/0022- 0663.92.1.107
Vidal-Abarca, E., Reyes, H., Gilabert, R., Calpe, J., Soria, E., & Graesser, A. C. (2002). ETAT: Expository Text Analysis Tool. Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers, 34, 93-107. doi: 10.3758/ BF03195428
Wang, S., & Gathercole, S. E. (2013). Working memory deficits in children with reading difficulties: memory span and dual task coordination. Journal of Experimental Child Csychology, 115(1), 188-197. doi: 10.1016/j.jecp.2012.11.015
Wechsler, D. (2003). WAIS III: Test de Inteligencia para Adultos. Buenos Aires, AR: Paidós.
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2017-11-30
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How to Cite
The role of working memory and sustained attention in explanatory inference generation. (2017). LIBERABIT. Revista Peruana De Psicología, 23(2), 233-245. https://doi.org/10.24265/liberabit.2017.v23n2.05
