Adaptation of the Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory for Marginalized Mexicans
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.24265/liberabit.2024.v30n1.774Palavras-chave:
temporal perspective, ZTPI, positive past, marginalizationResumo
Background: The temporal perspective is a psychological process through which the continuous streams of personal and social experiences are assigned to temporal categories or frames of time that provide order, coherence, and meaning to those events. The Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory (ZTPI) measures this orientation with five factors: positive past, negative past, fatalistic present, hedonistic present, and future. However, its validation has been conducted with European and American populations, and to a lesser extent with Latin Americans. Objective: Adapt the ZTPI for the adult population living in marginalized areas of Mexico. Method: Through a nonexperimental ex post facto design with a descriptive scope and two-stage sampling. Where, 117 women and 61 men participated, with an average age of 44.6 years. Results: The reliability values are adequate, and the structural model with four factors shows fit measures close to the suggested thresholds (χ²/df = 1.523; CFI = .914; GFI = .883; TLI = .899; AGFI = .848; RMSEA = .054; y SRMR = .029). Conclusions: The adaptation of the scale appears to be sensitive to the reference population.
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Referências
Acee, T. W., Hoff, M. A., Flaggs, D. A., & Sylvester, B. (2023). Time Perspective and Grade Expectations as Predictors of Student Achievement and Retention in the First Year of Community College. Journal of College Student Retention: Research, Theory & Practice, 24(4), 924-946. https://doi.org/10.1177/1521025120960676
Ato, M., López, J., & Benavente, A. (2013). Un sistema de clasificación de los diseños de investigación en psicología. Anales de psicología, 29(3), 1038-1059.
Baird, H. M., Webb, T. L., Martin, J., & Sirois, F. M. (2018). The Relationship Between a Balanced Time Perspective and Self-monitoring of Blood Glucose Among People with Type 1 Diabetes. Annals of Behavioral Medicine: A Publication of the Society of Behavioral Medicine, 53(2), 196 -209. https://doi.org/10.1093/abm/kay028
Barrera-Hernández, L. F., Corral-Verdugo, V., & Fraijo-Sing, B. S. (2021). El futuro trascendental como determinante
de las conductas sustentables y la percepción de felicidad. CES Psicología, 14(1), 2-15. https://doi.org/10.21615/cesp.14.1.2
Brenlla, M., Zapater, J., & Germano, G. (2019). Adaptación lingüística, estructura factorial y fiabilidad del Inventario
de Perspectiva Temporal de Zimbardo para Buenos Aires. Interdisciplinaria, 36(2). 111-127. https://doi.org/10.16888/interd.2019.36.2.8
Carpenter, R., Horton, J. C., & Alloway, T. (2022) Time Perspective, Working Memory, and Depression in Non-Clinical Samples: Is There a Link? The Journal of Psychology, 156(6), 414-434. https://doi.org/10.1080/00223980.2022.2078948
Consejo Nacional de Evaluación de la Política de Desarrollo Social. (2020). Criterios generales para la determinación de las Zonas de Atención Prioritaria, 2021. https://www.coneval.org.mx/Medicion/Documents/Criterios_ZAP_2021.pdf
Dany, L., Roussel, P., Laguette, V., Lagouannelle-Simeoni, M. C., & Apostolidis, T. (2016). Time Perspective, Socioeconomic Status, and Psychological Distress in Chronic Pain Patients. Psychology, Health and Medicine. 21(3), 295-308. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13548506.2015.1062900
Davis, M. A., & Cernas-Ortiz, D. A. (2017). Revisiting the Structural and Nomological Validity of the Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory. Personality and Individual Differences, 104, 98-103. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2016.07.037
Díaz-Morales, J. F. (2006). Estructura factorial y fiabilidad del Inventario de Perspectiva Temporal de Zimbardo. Psicothema, 18(3) 565-571.
Díaz-Loving, R. (1998). Cultura y personalidad: Rasgos universales e idiosincrásicos. En Alcaraz & Bouzas (Coord.), Las Aportaciones mexicanas a la psicología (pp. 631-652).
Escobedo, M., Hernández, J., Estebané, V., & Martínez, G. (2016). Modelos de ecuaciones estructurales: características, fases, construcción, aplicación y resultados. Ciencia & Trabajo, 18(55), 16-22. http://dx.doi.org/10.4067/S0718-24492016000100004
Esparza-Del Villar, O. A., Chavarría-Gamiz, C. F., Cabral-Sánchez, J. A., Sanz-González, S., & Castro-Lazalde, A. K. (2021). Fatalismo y su relación con el autoestigma y la búsqueda de tratamiento de salud mental. Enseñanza e Investigación en Psicología, 3(2), 173-188. https://revistacneipne.org/index.php/cneip/article/view/119
Fieulaine, N., & Apostolidis, T. (2015). Precariousness as a Time Horizon: How Poverty and Social Insecurity Shape Individuals’ Time Perspectives. En M. Stolarski, N. Fieulaine, & W. Van Beek (Eds.), Time Perspective Theory; Review, Research and Application. Essays in honor of Phillip Zimbardo (pp. 213-230). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-07368-2
Frankenhuis, W. E., & Nettle, D. (2020). The Strengths of People in Poverty. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 29(1), 16-21. https://doi.org/10.1177/0963721419881154
Gore, J. S. (2018). Standing on Shaky Ground and Living in the Now: How Resource Amount and Stability Influence Time Perspectives. Journal of Applied Psychology, 48(7), 398-408. https://doi.org/10.1111/jasp.12520
González, D., Maytorena, M. Á., Cárdenas, N., & Tapia, C. (2017). Perspectiva temporal de estudiantes universitarios mexicanos y colombianos. Revista Iberoamericana de Diagnóstico y Evaluación e AvaliaçãoPsicológica. RIDEP, 46(1), 133-145.
Grasso, P. (2019). Perspectiva temporal futura: una aproximación al concepto. Revista ConCiencia EPG, 4(1), 12-29. https://doi.org/10.32654/CONCIENCIAEPG.4-1.2
Hair, J. J. F., Anderson, R. E., Tatham, R. L., & Black, W. C. (1999). Análisis Multivariante (5.a ed.). Prentice Hall. https://es.scribd.com/document/365246473/258089957-Analisis-Multivariante-Hair-PDF
Jofré, I., Oyanadel, C., & Castro, W. (2021). Versión breve del Inventario de Perspectiva Temporal de Zimbardo para población chilena: una comparación internacional. Universitas Psychologica, 20, 1-10. https://doi.org/10.11144/Javeriana.upsy20.vbip
Jordan, F. M. (2021). Valor de corte de los índices de ajuste en el análisis factorial confirmatorio. PSOCIAL, Revista de investigación en Psicología Social, 7(1), 1-5. http://portal.amelica.org/ameli/journal/123/1232225009/
Kooij, D. T. A. M., Kanfer, R., Betts, M., & Rudolph, C. W. (2018). Future Time Perspective: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Journal of Applied Psychology,103(8), 867-893. https://doi.org/10.1037/apl0000306.supp
Kostic, A., & Chadee, D. (2017). Time Perspective: Theory and Practice. Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-60191-9
Li, X., Zhang, X., & Lyu, H. (2023). Low Socioeconomic Status and Academic Achievement: A Moderated Mediation Model of Future Time Perspective and Chinese Cultural Beliefs About Adversity. Current Psychology, 43, 3669-3681. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-023-04532-1
Loose, T., & Vasquez-Echeverría, A. (2023). Academic Performance and Feelings of Belonging: Indirect Effects of Time Perspective Through Motivational Processes. Current Psychology, 42, 4531-4542. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-021-01779-4
McKay, M. T., Worrell, F. C., Perry, J. L., Chishima, Y., Zivkovic, U., Mello, Z. R., & Cole, J. C. (2022). Even a Broken Clock is Right Twice a Day: The Case of the Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory. Personality and Individual Differences, 184, 111-157. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2021.111157
Mello, Z. (2019). A Construct Matures: Time Perspective’s Multidimensional, Developmental, and Modifiable Qualities. Research in Human Development, 16(2), 93-101. https://doi.org/10.1080/15427609.2019.1651156
Mendivelso, M., & Galarraga, M. L. (2020). Perspectiva temporal en una muestra de estudiantes de adolescentes argentinos y colombianos. Orientación y Sociedad, 20(1), e020. https://revistas.unlp.edu.ar/OrientacionYSociedad/article/view/10241
Murnikovas, A., & Castillo, M. (2017, junio). Time Perspective in Runners: A Comparative Study with College Students [sesión de conferencia]. 14 European Conference on Psychological Assessment, Lisbon,Portugal. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/329758860_Time_Perspective_in
_Runners_A_Comparative_study_with_college_Students
Nuttin, J., & Lens, W. (1984). Future Time Perspective and Motivation: Theory and Research Method. University Press.
Peng, C., Yue, C., Avitt, A., & Chen, Y. (2021). A Systematic Review Approach to Find Robust Items of the Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 627578. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.627578
Perry, J. L., Temple, E. C., Worrell, F. C., Zivkovic, U., Mello, Z. R., Musil, B., Cole, J. C., & Mckay, M. T. (2020). Different Version, Similar Result? A Critical Analysis of the Multiplicity of Shortened Versions of the Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory. SAGE Open, 10(2), 1-15. https://doi.org/10.1177/2158244020923351
Seginer, R. (2009). Future orientation: Developmental and ecological perspectives. Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/b106810
Seginer, R. Y., & Lens, W. (2015). The Motivational Properties of Future Time Perspective. Future Orientation: Different Approaches, Different Cultures. En M. Stolarski, N. Fieulaine, & W. Van Beek (eds.), Time Perspective Theory; Review, Research and Application (pp. 287-304). Springer. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1007/978-3-319-07368-2_19
Silva, M. R. (2016). Dimensiones psicosociales de la pobreza. Percepciones de una realidad recuperada. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. https://ru.iiec.unam.mx/3907/
Simon, E., Zsidó, A. N., Birkás, B., Gács, B., & Csathó, Á. (2022). Negative Time Perspective Predicts the Self-Perceived Affective and Physical Components of Pain Independently from Depression, Anxiety, and Early Life Circumstances. Acta Psychologica, 224,103536. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actpsy.2022.103536
Sircova, A., Van de Vijver, F. J. R., Osin, E., Milfont, T. L., Fieulaine, N., Kislali-Erginbilgic, A., Zimbardo, P. G., Djarallah, S., Chorfi, M. S., Leite, U., Lin, H., Lvu, H., Bunjevac, T., Tomaš, T., Punek, J., Vrlec, A., Matic, J., Bokulic, M., Klicperová-Baker, M., … Boyd, J. N. (2014). A Global Look at Time: A 24-Country Study of the Equivalence of the Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 4(1), 517-549. https://doi.org/10.1177/2158244013515686
Stolarski, M., Fieulaine, N., & Van Beek, W. (2015). Time Perspective Theory: The Introduction. En M. Stolarski, N. Fieulaine, & W. Van Beek (Eds.), Time Perspective Theory; Review, Research and Application (pp. 1-13). Springer. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/285577186_Time_Perspective
_Theory_The_Introduction
Temple, E., Perry, J. L., Worrell, F. C., Zivkovic, U., Mello, Z. R., Musil, B., Cole, J. C., & McKay, M. T. (2017). The Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory: Time for a New Strategy, not More New Shortened Versions. Time & Society, 28(3), 1167-1180. https://doi.org/10.1177/0961463X17718102
Templeton, G. F. (2011). A Two-Step Approach for Transforming Continuous Variables to Normal: Implications and Recommendations for IS Research. Communications of the Association for Information Systems, 28, 41-58. https://doi.org/10.17705/1CAIS.02804
Valdés, A. A., García, F. I., Torres, G. M., Urías, M., & Grijalva, C. S. (2019). Medición en investigación educativa con apoyo del SPSS y el AMOS. Clave Editorial. Worrell, F. (2021, 13 de julio). Time Perspective an Historical Developmental Overview [video]. Youtube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zsEe0OuB_Aw
Zimbardo, P. G., & Boyd, J. N. (1999). Putting Time in Perspective: A Valid, Reliable Individual-Differences Metric. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 77(6), 1271-1288. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.77.6.1271
Ato, M., López, J., & Benavente, A. (2013). Un sistema de clasificación de los diseños de investigación en psicología. Anales de psicología, 29(3), 1038-1059.
Baird, H. M., Webb, T. L., Martin, J., & Sirois, F. M. (2018). The Relationship Between a Balanced Time Perspective and Self-monitoring of Blood Glucose Among People with Type 1 Diabetes. Annals of Behavioral Medicine: A Publication of the Society of Behavioral Medicine, 53(2), 196 -209. https://doi.org/10.1093/abm/kay028
Barrera-Hernández, L. F., Corral-Verdugo, V., & Fraijo-Sing, B. S. (2021). El futuro trascendental como determinante
de las conductas sustentables y la percepción de felicidad. CES Psicología, 14(1), 2-15. https://doi.org/10.21615/cesp.14.1.2
Brenlla, M., Zapater, J., & Germano, G. (2019). Adaptación lingüística, estructura factorial y fiabilidad del Inventario
de Perspectiva Temporal de Zimbardo para Buenos Aires. Interdisciplinaria, 36(2). 111-127. https://doi.org/10.16888/interd.2019.36.2.8
Carpenter, R., Horton, J. C., & Alloway, T. (2022) Time Perspective, Working Memory, and Depression in Non-Clinical Samples: Is There a Link? The Journal of Psychology, 156(6), 414-434. https://doi.org/10.1080/00223980.2022.2078948
Consejo Nacional de Evaluación de la Política de Desarrollo Social. (2020). Criterios generales para la determinación de las Zonas de Atención Prioritaria, 2021. https://www.coneval.org.mx/Medicion/Documents/Criterios_ZAP_2021.pdf
Dany, L., Roussel, P., Laguette, V., Lagouannelle-Simeoni, M. C., & Apostolidis, T. (2016). Time Perspective, Socioeconomic Status, and Psychological Distress in Chronic Pain Patients. Psychology, Health and Medicine. 21(3), 295-308. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13548506.2015.1062900
Davis, M. A., & Cernas-Ortiz, D. A. (2017). Revisiting the Structural and Nomological Validity of the Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory. Personality and Individual Differences, 104, 98-103. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2016.07.037
Díaz-Morales, J. F. (2006). Estructura factorial y fiabilidad del Inventario de Perspectiva Temporal de Zimbardo. Psicothema, 18(3) 565-571.
Díaz-Loving, R. (1998). Cultura y personalidad: Rasgos universales e idiosincrásicos. En Alcaraz & Bouzas (Coord.), Las Aportaciones mexicanas a la psicología (pp. 631-652).
Escobedo, M., Hernández, J., Estebané, V., & Martínez, G. (2016). Modelos de ecuaciones estructurales: características, fases, construcción, aplicación y resultados. Ciencia & Trabajo, 18(55), 16-22. http://dx.doi.org/10.4067/S0718-24492016000100004
Esparza-Del Villar, O. A., Chavarría-Gamiz, C. F., Cabral-Sánchez, J. A., Sanz-González, S., & Castro-Lazalde, A. K. (2021). Fatalismo y su relación con el autoestigma y la búsqueda de tratamiento de salud mental. Enseñanza e Investigación en Psicología, 3(2), 173-188. https://revistacneipne.org/index.php/cneip/article/view/119
Fieulaine, N., & Apostolidis, T. (2015). Precariousness as a Time Horizon: How Poverty and Social Insecurity Shape Individuals’ Time Perspectives. En M. Stolarski, N. Fieulaine, & W. Van Beek (Eds.), Time Perspective Theory; Review, Research and Application. Essays in honor of Phillip Zimbardo (pp. 213-230). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-07368-2
Frankenhuis, W. E., & Nettle, D. (2020). The Strengths of People in Poverty. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 29(1), 16-21. https://doi.org/10.1177/0963721419881154
Gore, J. S. (2018). Standing on Shaky Ground and Living in the Now: How Resource Amount and Stability Influence Time Perspectives. Journal of Applied Psychology, 48(7), 398-408. https://doi.org/10.1111/jasp.12520
González, D., Maytorena, M. Á., Cárdenas, N., & Tapia, C. (2017). Perspectiva temporal de estudiantes universitarios mexicanos y colombianos. Revista Iberoamericana de Diagnóstico y Evaluación e AvaliaçãoPsicológica. RIDEP, 46(1), 133-145.
Grasso, P. (2019). Perspectiva temporal futura: una aproximación al concepto. Revista ConCiencia EPG, 4(1), 12-29. https://doi.org/10.32654/CONCIENCIAEPG.4-1.2
Hair, J. J. F., Anderson, R. E., Tatham, R. L., & Black, W. C. (1999). Análisis Multivariante (5.a ed.). Prentice Hall. https://es.scribd.com/document/365246473/258089957-Analisis-Multivariante-Hair-PDF
Jofré, I., Oyanadel, C., & Castro, W. (2021). Versión breve del Inventario de Perspectiva Temporal de Zimbardo para población chilena: una comparación internacional. Universitas Psychologica, 20, 1-10. https://doi.org/10.11144/Javeriana.upsy20.vbip
Jordan, F. M. (2021). Valor de corte de los índices de ajuste en el análisis factorial confirmatorio. PSOCIAL, Revista de investigación en Psicología Social, 7(1), 1-5. http://portal.amelica.org/ameli/journal/123/1232225009/
Kooij, D. T. A. M., Kanfer, R., Betts, M., & Rudolph, C. W. (2018). Future Time Perspective: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Journal of Applied Psychology,103(8), 867-893. https://doi.org/10.1037/apl0000306.supp
Kostic, A., & Chadee, D. (2017). Time Perspective: Theory and Practice. Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-60191-9
Li, X., Zhang, X., & Lyu, H. (2023). Low Socioeconomic Status and Academic Achievement: A Moderated Mediation Model of Future Time Perspective and Chinese Cultural Beliefs About Adversity. Current Psychology, 43, 3669-3681. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-023-04532-1
Loose, T., & Vasquez-Echeverría, A. (2023). Academic Performance and Feelings of Belonging: Indirect Effects of Time Perspective Through Motivational Processes. Current Psychology, 42, 4531-4542. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-021-01779-4
McKay, M. T., Worrell, F. C., Perry, J. L., Chishima, Y., Zivkovic, U., Mello, Z. R., & Cole, J. C. (2022). Even a Broken Clock is Right Twice a Day: The Case of the Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory. Personality and Individual Differences, 184, 111-157. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2021.111157
Mello, Z. (2019). A Construct Matures: Time Perspective’s Multidimensional, Developmental, and Modifiable Qualities. Research in Human Development, 16(2), 93-101. https://doi.org/10.1080/15427609.2019.1651156
Mendivelso, M., & Galarraga, M. L. (2020). Perspectiva temporal en una muestra de estudiantes de adolescentes argentinos y colombianos. Orientación y Sociedad, 20(1), e020. https://revistas.unlp.edu.ar/OrientacionYSociedad/article/view/10241
Murnikovas, A., & Castillo, M. (2017, junio). Time Perspective in Runners: A Comparative Study with College Students [sesión de conferencia]. 14 European Conference on Psychological Assessment, Lisbon,Portugal. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/329758860_Time_Perspective_in
_Runners_A_Comparative_study_with_college_Students
Nuttin, J., & Lens, W. (1984). Future Time Perspective and Motivation: Theory and Research Method. University Press.
Peng, C., Yue, C., Avitt, A., & Chen, Y. (2021). A Systematic Review Approach to Find Robust Items of the Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 627578. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.627578
Perry, J. L., Temple, E. C., Worrell, F. C., Zivkovic, U., Mello, Z. R., Musil, B., Cole, J. C., & Mckay, M. T. (2020). Different Version, Similar Result? A Critical Analysis of the Multiplicity of Shortened Versions of the Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory. SAGE Open, 10(2), 1-15. https://doi.org/10.1177/2158244020923351
Seginer, R. (2009). Future orientation: Developmental and ecological perspectives. Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/b106810
Seginer, R. Y., & Lens, W. (2015). The Motivational Properties of Future Time Perspective. Future Orientation: Different Approaches, Different Cultures. En M. Stolarski, N. Fieulaine, & W. Van Beek (eds.), Time Perspective Theory; Review, Research and Application (pp. 287-304). Springer. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1007/978-3-319-07368-2_19
Silva, M. R. (2016). Dimensiones psicosociales de la pobreza. Percepciones de una realidad recuperada. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. https://ru.iiec.unam.mx/3907/
Simon, E., Zsidó, A. N., Birkás, B., Gács, B., & Csathó, Á. (2022). Negative Time Perspective Predicts the Self-Perceived Affective and Physical Components of Pain Independently from Depression, Anxiety, and Early Life Circumstances. Acta Psychologica, 224,103536. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actpsy.2022.103536
Sircova, A., Van de Vijver, F. J. R., Osin, E., Milfont, T. L., Fieulaine, N., Kislali-Erginbilgic, A., Zimbardo, P. G., Djarallah, S., Chorfi, M. S., Leite, U., Lin, H., Lvu, H., Bunjevac, T., Tomaš, T., Punek, J., Vrlec, A., Matic, J., Bokulic, M., Klicperová-Baker, M., … Boyd, J. N. (2014). A Global Look at Time: A 24-Country Study of the Equivalence of the Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 4(1), 517-549. https://doi.org/10.1177/2158244013515686
Stolarski, M., Fieulaine, N., & Van Beek, W. (2015). Time Perspective Theory: The Introduction. En M. Stolarski, N. Fieulaine, & W. Van Beek (Eds.), Time Perspective Theory; Review, Research and Application (pp. 1-13). Springer. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/285577186_Time_Perspective
_Theory_The_Introduction
Temple, E., Perry, J. L., Worrell, F. C., Zivkovic, U., Mello, Z. R., Musil, B., Cole, J. C., & McKay, M. T. (2017). The Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory: Time for a New Strategy, not More New Shortened Versions. Time & Society, 28(3), 1167-1180. https://doi.org/10.1177/0961463X17718102
Templeton, G. F. (2011). A Two-Step Approach for Transforming Continuous Variables to Normal: Implications and Recommendations for IS Research. Communications of the Association for Information Systems, 28, 41-58. https://doi.org/10.17705/1CAIS.02804
Valdés, A. A., García, F. I., Torres, G. M., Urías, M., & Grijalva, C. S. (2019). Medición en investigación educativa con apoyo del SPSS y el AMOS. Clave Editorial. Worrell, F. (2021, 13 de julio). Time Perspective an Historical Developmental Overview [video]. Youtube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zsEe0OuB_Aw
Zimbardo, P. G., & Boyd, J. N. (1999). Putting Time in Perspective: A Valid, Reliable Individual-Differences Metric. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 77(6), 1271-1288. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.77.6.1271
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2024-06-10
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Adaptation of the Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory for Marginalized Mexicans. (2024). LIBERABIT. Revista Peruana De Psicología, 30(1), e774. https://doi.org/10.24265/liberabit.2024.v30n1.774
