Evaluating psychosocial variables and social identity of Brazilian Paralympic athletes
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.24265/liberabit.2018.v24n1.04Keywords:
paralympic athlete, social identity, Brazil, psychosocial variablesAbstract
This exploratory research aimed to (1) assess the psychosocial variables of Brazilian Paralympic athletes, (2) verify how these variables relate to the athlete’s social identity, and (3) understand how Paralympic athletes perceive their identity. The study consisted of 153 Brazilian Paralympic athletes (122 males and 31 females with a mean age of 31.91 years, SD = 9.46), who answered a socio-demographic questionnaire; the instruments of the variables under study: (1) self-esteem, (2) self-efficacy, (3) locus of control, (4) affective well-being, and (5) social identity; and the open question «For me, being a Paralympic athlete means...» The results indicated that Paralympic athletes have high levels of social identity, self-esteem, self-efficacy, internal locus of control, and positive affective well-being, as well as low levels of external locus of control and negative affective well-being. Also, a positive correlation between social identity and self-esteem was found. The results revealed that Paralympic athletes’ identity is directly linked to their history of self-realization and the benefits of playing sports; however, they must still face some obstacles. This study highlights the importance of Paralympic athletes’ social identity, which benefits them not only as individuals, but through the deconstruction of stereotypes attributed to them by society.
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References
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Camargo, B., & Justo, A. (2013). IRAMUTEQ: Um software gratuito para análise de dados textuais. Temas em Psicologia, 21(2), 513-518. doi: 10.9788/TP2013.2-16
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Damásio, B., Pacico, J., Poletto, M., & Koller, S. (2012). Refinement and psychometric properties of the eight- Item Brazilian positive and negative affective schedule for children (PANAS-C8). Journal of Happiness Studies, 14(4), 1363-1378. doi: 10.1007/s10902-012-9383-x
Diener, E. (1984). Subjective well-being. Psychology Bulletin, 95(3), 542-575. Recuperado de https:// papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract _id=2162125
Ferreira, D., Silva, A., Pereira, J., Silva, F., Wagner, A., Winckler, C.,... Mello, S. de (2015). Sleep quality and psychobiological aspects of Brazilian Paralympic athletes in the London 2012 pre-Paralympics period. Motriz: Revista de Educação Física, 21(2), 168-176. doi: 10.1590/S1980-65742015000200007
Fialho, K., & Pereira, M. (2006). A influência de ser atleta na identidade social de portadores de deficiência física. Psicologia Argumento, 24(46), 67-78. Recuperado de https://periodicos.pucpr.br/ index.php/psicologiaargumento/article/view/20265/pdf
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Freire, M. (2010). A inclusão através do desporto adaptado: O caso português do basquetebol em cadeira de rodas (Tesis de maestría). Recuperada de https://estudogeral.sib.uc.pt/bitstream/10316/17570/1/Tese%20de%20mestrado.pdf
Giacobbi, J., Stancil, M., Hardin, B., & Bryant, L. (2008). Physical activity and quality of life experienced by highly active individuals with physical disabilities. Adapted Physical Activity Quarterly, 25(3), 189- 207. doi: 10.1123/apaq.25.3.189
Gold, J., & Gold, M. (2007). Access for all: The rise of the Paralympic Games. The Journal of the Royal Society for the Promotion of Health, 127(3), 133- 141. doi: 10.1177/1466424007077348
Gorla, J., Silva, A., Campos, L., Santos, C., Almeida, J., Duarte, E., & Queiroga, M. (2017). Composição corporal e perfil somatotípico de atletas da seleção brasileira de futebol de 5. Revista Brasileira de Ciências do Esporte, 39(1), 79-84. doi: 10.1016/ j.rbce.2015.12.016
Gould, D., Dieffenbach, K., & Moffett, A. (2002). Psychological characteristics and their development in Olympic champions. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 14(3), 172-204. doi: 10.1080/10413200290103482
Greenwood, C., Dzewaltowski, D., & French, R. (1990). Self-efficacy and psychological well-being of wheelchair tennis participants and wheelchair nontennis participants. Adapted Physical Activity Quarterly, 7(1), 12-21. doi: 10.1123/apaq.7.1.12
Grove, J., Lavallee, D., & Gordon, S. (1997). Coping with retirement from sport: The influence of athletic identity. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 9(2), 191-203. doi: 10.1080/10413209708406481
Hammond, T. (2014). The subjective well-being of paralympic athletes (Tesis de doctorado). Recuperada de http://dro.deakin.edu.au/eserv/ DU:30072980/hammond-thesubjective-2014A.pdf
Harter, S. (1990). Causes, correlates and the functional role of global self-worth: A life-span perspective. In J. Kolligan & R. Sternberg (Eds.), Competence Considered. (pp. 67-98). New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
Heo, J., Lee, Y., Lundberg, N., McCormick, B., & Chun, S. (2008). Adaptive sport as serious leisure: do self- determination, skill level, and leisure constraints matter. Annual in Therapeutic Recreation, 16, 31-38.
Hutz, C., Zanon, C., & Vazquez, A. (2014). Escala de Autoestima de Rosemberg. In C. Hutz (Ed.), Avaliação em Psicologia Positiva (pp. 85-94). Porto Alegre: Artmed.
Jaarsma, E. A., Dijkstra, P. U., Blécourt, A. C. de, Geertzen, J. H., & Dekker, R. (2015). Barriers and facilitators of sports in children with physical disabilities: a mixed-method study. Disability and Rehabilitation, 37(18), 1617-1625. doi: 10.3109/ 09638288.2014.972587
Juth, V., Smyth, J., & Santuzzi, A. (2008). How do you feel? Self-esteem predicts affects, stress, social interaction and symptom severity during daily life in patients with chronic illness. Journal of Health Psychology, 13(7), 884-894. doi: 10.1177/ 1359105308095062
Kernis, M. (2005). Measuring self-esteem in context: The importance of stability of self-esteem in psychological functioning. Journal of Personality, 73(6), 1569-1605. doi: 10.1111/j.1467- 6494.2005.00359.x
Lavoura, T., Castellani, A., & Machado, A. (2006). Olhar da psicologia do esporte sobre a autoconfiança e a autoeficácia em atletas de canoagem SLALOM: relação com o rendimento esportivo. Trabajo presentado en el XI Congreso de Educación Física y Ciencias del deporte de los países de lengua portuguesa.
Leontopoulou, S. (2006). Resilience of Greek youth at an educational transition point: The role of locus of control and coping strategies as resources. Social Indicators Research, 76(1), 95-126. doi: 10.1007/s11205-005-4858-3
Levy, M. (2008). Subjective well-being and locus of control in sport. Revista Brasileira de Psicologia do Esporte, 2(1), 1-23.
Lins, S., & Borsa, J. (2014). Identidade social, saúde mental e avaliação dos impactos da Copa do Mundo FIFA 2014. Psicologia e Saber Social, 3(1), 124- 131. Recuperado de http://www.e-publicacoes.uerj.br/index.php/psi-sabersocial/article/view/12208/9509
Macdougall, H., O’Halloran, P., Shields, N., & Sherry, E. (2015). Comparing the well-being of para and olympic sports athletes: A systematic review. Adapted Physical Activity Quarterly, 32(3), 256- 276. doi: 10.1123/APAQ: 2014-0168
Marques, R. F., Gutierrez, G. L., Almeida, M. A., Nunomura, M., & Menezes, R. (2014). A abordagem midiática sobre o esporte paralímpico: o ponto de vista de atletas brasileiros. Movimento, 20(3), 989- 1015.
Marques, R., Gutierrez, G., Almeida, M., & Menezes, R. (2013). Mídia e movimento paralímpico no Brasil: Relações sob o ponto de vista de dirigentes do Comitê Paralímpico Brasileiro. Revista Brasileira de Educação Física e Esporte, 24(4), 583-596. doi: 10.1590/S1807-55092013000400007
Marsh, H., Perry, C., Horsely, C., & Roche, L. (1995). Multidimensional self-concepts of elite athletes: How do they differ from the general population? Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 17(1), 70-83. doi: 10.1123/jsep.17.1.70
Martin, J. (2002). Training and performance self-efficacy, affect, and performance in wheelchair road racers. The Sport Psychologist, 16(4), 384-395.
Martin, J. (2008). Multidimensional self-efficacy and affect in wheelchair basketball players. Adapted Physical Activity Quarterly, 25(4), 1-15.
Pacico, J. C., Ferraz, S. B., & Hutz, C. S. (2014). Autoeficácia-Yes we can! In. C. Hutz (Ed.), Avaliação em Psicologia Positiva (pp. 111-120). Porto Alegre: Artmed.
Pappous, A., Marcellini, A., Léséleuc, E. de, Río-Valle, S., Quintana, F., Caro, M., & Vinuesa, A. (2009). La representación mediática del deporte adaptado a la discapacidad en los medios de comunicación. Ágora para la Educación Física y el Deporte, 31-42.
Pearson, R., & Petitpas, A. (1990). Transitions of athletes: Developmental and preventive perspectives. Journal of Counseling & Development, 69(1), 7-10. doi: 10.1002/j.1556-6676.1990.tb01445.x
Pereira, O., Monteiro, I., & Pereira, A. L. (2011). A visibilidade da deficiência–Uma revisão sobre as Representações Sociais das Pessoas com Deficiência e Atletas Paralímpicos nos media impressos. Sociologia: Revista da Faculdade de Letras da Universidade do Porto, 22, 199-217.
Poczwardowski, A., Diehl, B., O’Neil, A., Cote, T., & Haberl, P. (2014). Successful transitions to the Olympic Training Center, Colorado Springs: A mixed- method exploration with six resident-athletes. Journal of Applied Psychology, 26(1), 33-51. doi: 10413200.2013.773950
Ratinaud, P. (2009). Iramuteq: Interface de R pour les Analyses Multidimensionnelles de Textes et de Questionnaires [Programa computacional]. Recuperado de http://www.iramuteq.org
Rotter, J. (1966). Generalized expectations for internal versus external control of reinforcement. Psychological Monographs, 80(1), 1-28. doi: 10.1037/h0092976
Sá, L., Coleta, M. Dela, & Coleta, J. Dela (2011). Competência percebida e atribuição de causalidade em jogadores juniores de futebol. Psicologia: Teoria e Pesquisa, 27(1), 65-72. doi: 10.1590/S0102- 37722011000100009
Sbicigo, J., Teixeira, M., Dias, A., & Dell’aglio, D. (2012). Propiedades psicométricas da Escala de Autoeficácia Geral Percebida (EAGP). Psico, 43(2), 139-146.
Shapiro, D., & Martin, J. (2010). Athletic identity, affect, and peer relations in youth athletes with physical disabilities. Disability and Health Journal, 3(2), 79- 85. doi: 10.1016/j.dhjo.2009.08.004
Shephard, R. (1991). Benefits of sport and physical activity for the disabled: Implications for the individual and for society. Scandinavian Journal of Rehabilitative Medicine, 23(5), 51-59.
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2018-06-28
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Evaluating psychosocial variables and social identity of Brazilian Paralympic athletes. (2018). LIBERABIT. Revista Peruana De Psicología, 24(1), 45-60. https://doi.org/10.24265/liberabit.2018.v24n1.04
