Verbal retrieval cues prevent renewal and spontaneous recovery of predictive judgments in university students
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.24265/liberabit.2018.v24n2.10Keywords:
verbal retrieval cues, retroactive interference, renewal, spontaneous recovery, high-school studentsAbstract
Long-term effectiveness is one of the major problems of psychotherapy because successfully eliminated unhealthy behaviors may reappear relatively easily under certain contextual changes. In two experiments, we explored the impact of verbal retrieval cues on renewal and spontaneous recovery in humans. During the first phase, all participants learned a relationship between one cue and one outcome (X-O1). The following phase involved a change in the original relationship (X-O2). Finally, participants were presented with cue X and asked about the relationships with both outcomes. Half of the participants were asked to remember Phase 2, while the other half did not receive any instruction at all. In Experiment 1, testing took place in a different context, while participants in Experiment 2 were tested after two days. The results indicated that remembering Phase 2 eliminated both renewal and spontaneous recovery. Our findings are discussed under the contemporary learnin theory. We also mention the probable benefits in therapeutic settings.
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References
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Bouton, M.E. (1994). Conditioning, remembering, and forgetting. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes, 20, 219-231. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0097-7403.20.3.219
Bouton, M. E. (1997). Signals for whether versus when an event will occur. In M. E. Bouton & M. S. Fanselow (Eds.), Learning, motivation, and cognition: The functional behaviorism of Robert C. Bolles (pp. 385-409). http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/10223-019
Bouton, M. E. (2002). Context, ambiguity, and unlearning: Sources of relapse after behavioral extinction. Biological Psychiatry. 52, 976–986.
Bouton, M. E., & Bolles, R. C. (1979). Contextual control of the extinction of conditioned fear. Learning and Motivation, 10, 445–466. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0023-9690(79)90057-2
Bouton, M. E., Nelson, J. B., & Rosas, J. M. (1999). Stimulus generalization, context change, and forgetting. Psychological Bulletin, 125, 171-186. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.125.2.171
Bouton, M. E., & Peck, C. A. (1989). Context effects on conditioning, extinction, and reinstatement in an appetitive conditioning preparation. Animal Learning and Behavior, 17, 188–198.
Bouton, M. E., & Ricker, S. T. (1994). Renewal of extinguished responding in a second context. Animal Learning & Behavior, 22, 317-324.
Bouton, M. E., & Swartzentruber, D. (1991). Sources of relapse after extinction in Pavlovian and Instrumental Learning. Clinical Psychology Review, 11, 123-140. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0272-7358(91)90091-8
Bouton, M.E., & Woods, A. M. (2008). Extinction: Behavioral mechanisms and their implications. In J. H. Byrne, D. Sweatt, R. Menzel, H. Eichenbaum, & Roediger (Eds.), Learning and Memory: A comprehensive reference (Vol. 1, Learning Theory and Behaviour, pp 151-171). Oxford: Elsevier.
Bouton, M. E., Woods, A. M., Moody, E. W., Sunsay, C., & García-Gutiérrez, A. (2006b). Counteracting the context-dependence of extinction: Relapse and tests of some relapse prevention methods. In M. G. Craske, D. Hermans, & D. Vansteenwegen (Eds.), Fear and learning: From basic processes to clinical implications (pp. 175–196). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
Brooks, D. C., & Bouton, M. E. (1993). A retrieval cue for extinction attenuates spontaneous recovery. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes, 19, 77-89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0097-7403.19.1.77
Brooks, D. C., & Bouton, M. E. (1994). A retrieval cue for extinction attenuates response recovery (renewal) caused by a return to the conditioning context. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes, 20, 366-379. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0097-7403.20.4.366
Cerutti, D. A., (1989). Discrimination theory of rule-governed behavior. Journal of Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 51, 259-276.
Collins, B. N., & Brandon, T. H. (2002). Effects of extinction context and retrieval cues on alcohol cue reactivity among nonalcoholic drinkers. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 70, 390-397. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0893-164X.21.2.244.
Conklin, C. A., & Tiffany, S. T. (2002). Applying extinction research and theory to cue-exposure addiction treatments. Addiction, 97, 155-167.
Craske, M. G., Kircanski, K., Zelikowsky, M., Mystkowsi, J., Chowdhury, N., & Baker, A. (2008). Optimizing inhibitory learning during exposure therapy. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 46, 5-27, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2007.10.003
Craske, M.G., & Mystkowski, J. (2006). Exposure therapy and extinction: clinical studies. In: Craske, M. G., Hermans, D., & Vansteenwegen, D., (eds). Fear and Learning: Basic Science to Clinical Application. APA Books, Washington, D.C.
Craske, M. G., Treanor, M., Conway, C. C., Zbozinek, T., & Vervliet, B. (2014). Maximizing exposure therapy: An inhibitory learning approach. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 58, 10-23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2014.04.006
Culver, N. C., Stoyanova, M., & Craske, M. G. (2011). Clinical relevance of retrieval cues for attenuating context renewal of fear. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 25, 284-292. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2010.10.002
Dibbets, P., Havermans, R., & Arntz, A. (2008). All we need is a cue to remember: the effect of an extinction cue on renewal. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 46, 1070-1077. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2008.05.007
Eddy, K. T., Dutra, L., Bradley, R., & Westen, D. (2004). A multidimensional meta-analysis of psychotherapy and pharmacotherapy for obsessive-compulsive disorder. Clinical Psychology Review, 24, 1011-1030. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2004.08.004
Hofmann, S. G., & Smits, J. A. (2008). Cognitive-behavioral therapy for adult anxiety disorders: a meta-analysis of randomized placebo-controlled trials. The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 69, 621-632.
Kirshenbaum, A. P., Olsen, D. M., & Bickel, W. K. (2009). A quantitative review of the ubiquitous relapse curve. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 36, 8-17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsat.2008.04.001
Laborda, M. A., McConnell, B. L., & Miller, R. R. (2011). Behavioral techniques to reduce relapse after exposure therapy: Applications of studies of experimental extinction. In T. R. Schachtman & S. Reilly (Eds.), Associative learning and conditioning theory: Human and non-human applications (pp. 79 – 103). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
Laborda, M. A., Schofield, C. A., Johnson, E. M., Schubert, J. R., George-Denn, D., Coles, M. E., & Miller, R. R. (2016). The Extinction and Return of Fear of Public Speaking. Behavior modification, 40, 901-921. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0145445516645766
Mystkowski, J. L., Craske, M. G., Echiverri, A. M., & Labus, J. S. (2006). Mental reinstatement of context and return of fear in spider-fearful participants. Behavior Therapy, 37, 49-60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.beth.2005.04.001
Nelson, J. B., Sanjuan, M. C., Vadillo-Ruiz, S., Pérez, J., & León, S. P. (2011). Experimental renewal in human participants. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes, 37, 58-70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0020519
Nieto, J., Uengoer, M., & Bernal-Gamboa, R. (2017). A reminder of extinction reduces relapse in an animal model of voluntary behavior. Learning & Memory, 24, 76–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/lm.044495.116
Ogállar P. M., Ramos-Álvarez M. M., Alcalá J.A., Moreno-Fernández M. M., & Rosas J. M. (2017). Attentional Perspectives on Context-dependence of Information Retrieval. International Journal of Psychology & Psychological Therapy, 17, 115-130.
Pavlov, I. P. (1927).Conditioned reflexes. London: Oxford University Press.
Rescorla, R. A. (2004). Spontaneous recovery. Learning & Memory, 11, 501-509. http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/lm.77504
Romero, M. A., Vila, J., & Rosas, J. M. (2005). Instructions inadequate to the task control response recovery after discrimination reversal in human beings. The Behavior Analyst Today, 6, 221-228.
Rosas, J. M., & Bouton, M. E. (1997). Additivity of the effects of retention interval and context change on latent inhibition: Toward resolution of the context forgetting paradox. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes, 23, 283-294. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0097-7403.23.3.283
Rosas, J. M., & Callejas-Aguilera, J. E. (2006). Context switch effects on acquisition and extinction in human predictive learning. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning Memory and Cognition, 32, 461-474. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0278-7393.32.3.461
Rosas, J. M., Callejas-Aguilera, J. E, Ramos-Álvarez, M. M., & Abad, M. J. (2006). Revision of Retrieval Theory of Forgetting: What does Make Information Context-Specific? International Journal of Psychology and Psychological Therapy, 6, 147-166.
Thomas, B. L., Larsen, N., & Ayres, J. J. B. (2003). Role of context similarity in ABA, ABC, and AAB renewal paradigms: Implications for theories of renewal and for treating human phobias. Learning and Motivation, 34, 410-436. http://doi.org/10.1016/S0023-9690(03)00037-7
Vansteenwegen, D., Vervliet, B., Hermans, D., Beckers, T., Baeyens, F., & Eelen, P. (2006). Stronger renewal in human fear conditioning when tested with an acquisition retrieval cue than with an extinction retrieval cue. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 44, 1717-1725. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2005.10.014
Vervliet, B., Craske, M. G., & Hermans, D. (2013). Fear Extinction and Relapse: State of the Art. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 9, 215-248. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-050212-185542
Vila, N. J., & Rosas, J. M. (2001). Renewal and spontaneous recovery after extinction in a causal learning task. Mexican Journal of Behavior Analysis, 27, 79-96.
Willcocks, A. L., & McNally, G. P. (2014). An extinction retrieval cue attenuates renewal but not reacquisition of alcohol seeking. Behavioral Neuroscience, 128, 83-91, http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0035595
Bernal-Gamboa, R., Gámez, A. M., & Nieto, J. (2017). Reducing spontaneous recovery and reinstatement of operant performance through extinction-cues. Behavioural Processes, 135, 1-7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.beproc.2016.11.010
Bouton, M.E. (1993). Context, time, and memory retrieval in the interference paradigms of pavlovian learning. Psychological Bulletin, 114, 80–99, http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.114.1.80
Bouton, M.E. (1994). Conditioning, remembering, and forgetting. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes, 20, 219-231. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0097-7403.20.3.219
Bouton, M. E. (1997). Signals for whether versus when an event will occur. In M. E. Bouton & M. S. Fanselow (Eds.), Learning, motivation, and cognition: The functional behaviorism of Robert C. Bolles (pp. 385-409). http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/10223-019
Bouton, M. E. (2002). Context, ambiguity, and unlearning: Sources of relapse after behavioral extinction. Biological Psychiatry. 52, 976–986.
Bouton, M. E., & Bolles, R. C. (1979). Contextual control of the extinction of conditioned fear. Learning and Motivation, 10, 445–466. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0023-9690(79)90057-2
Bouton, M. E., Nelson, J. B., & Rosas, J. M. (1999). Stimulus generalization, context change, and forgetting. Psychological Bulletin, 125, 171-186. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.125.2.171
Bouton, M. E., & Peck, C. A. (1989). Context effects on conditioning, extinction, and reinstatement in an appetitive conditioning preparation. Animal Learning and Behavior, 17, 188–198.
Bouton, M. E., & Ricker, S. T. (1994). Renewal of extinguished responding in a second context. Animal Learning & Behavior, 22, 317-324.
Bouton, M. E., & Swartzentruber, D. (1991). Sources of relapse after extinction in Pavlovian and Instrumental Learning. Clinical Psychology Review, 11, 123-140. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0272-7358(91)90091-8
Bouton, M.E., & Woods, A. M. (2008). Extinction: Behavioral mechanisms and their implications. In J. H. Byrne, D. Sweatt, R. Menzel, H. Eichenbaum, & Roediger (Eds.), Learning and Memory: A comprehensive reference (Vol. 1, Learning Theory and Behaviour, pp 151-171). Oxford: Elsevier.
Bouton, M. E., Woods, A. M., Moody, E. W., Sunsay, C., & García-Gutiérrez, A. (2006b). Counteracting the context-dependence of extinction: Relapse and tests of some relapse prevention methods. In M. G. Craske, D. Hermans, & D. Vansteenwegen (Eds.), Fear and learning: From basic processes to clinical implications (pp. 175–196). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
Brooks, D. C., & Bouton, M. E. (1993). A retrieval cue for extinction attenuates spontaneous recovery. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes, 19, 77-89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0097-7403.19.1.77
Brooks, D. C., & Bouton, M. E. (1994). A retrieval cue for extinction attenuates response recovery (renewal) caused by a return to the conditioning context. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes, 20, 366-379. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0097-7403.20.4.366
Cerutti, D. A., (1989). Discrimination theory of rule-governed behavior. Journal of Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 51, 259-276.
Collins, B. N., & Brandon, T. H. (2002). Effects of extinction context and retrieval cues on alcohol cue reactivity among nonalcoholic drinkers. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 70, 390-397. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0893-164X.21.2.244.
Conklin, C. A., & Tiffany, S. T. (2002). Applying extinction research and theory to cue-exposure addiction treatments. Addiction, 97, 155-167.
Craske, M. G., Kircanski, K., Zelikowsky, M., Mystkowsi, J., Chowdhury, N., & Baker, A. (2008). Optimizing inhibitory learning during exposure therapy. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 46, 5-27, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2007.10.003
Craske, M.G., & Mystkowski, J. (2006). Exposure therapy and extinction: clinical studies. In: Craske, M. G., Hermans, D., & Vansteenwegen, D., (eds). Fear and Learning: Basic Science to Clinical Application. APA Books, Washington, D.C.
Craske, M. G., Treanor, M., Conway, C. C., Zbozinek, T., & Vervliet, B. (2014). Maximizing exposure therapy: An inhibitory learning approach. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 58, 10-23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2014.04.006
Culver, N. C., Stoyanova, M., & Craske, M. G. (2011). Clinical relevance of retrieval cues for attenuating context renewal of fear. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 25, 284-292. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2010.10.002
Dibbets, P., Havermans, R., & Arntz, A. (2008). All we need is a cue to remember: the effect of an extinction cue on renewal. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 46, 1070-1077. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2008.05.007
Eddy, K. T., Dutra, L., Bradley, R., & Westen, D. (2004). A multidimensional meta-analysis of psychotherapy and pharmacotherapy for obsessive-compulsive disorder. Clinical Psychology Review, 24, 1011-1030. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2004.08.004
Hofmann, S. G., & Smits, J. A. (2008). Cognitive-behavioral therapy for adult anxiety disorders: a meta-analysis of randomized placebo-controlled trials. The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 69, 621-632.
Kirshenbaum, A. P., Olsen, D. M., & Bickel, W. K. (2009). A quantitative review of the ubiquitous relapse curve. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 36, 8-17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsat.2008.04.001
Laborda, M. A., McConnell, B. L., & Miller, R. R. (2011). Behavioral techniques to reduce relapse after exposure therapy: Applications of studies of experimental extinction. In T. R. Schachtman & S. Reilly (Eds.), Associative learning and conditioning theory: Human and non-human applications (pp. 79 – 103). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
Laborda, M. A., Schofield, C. A., Johnson, E. M., Schubert, J. R., George-Denn, D., Coles, M. E., & Miller, R. R. (2016). The Extinction and Return of Fear of Public Speaking. Behavior modification, 40, 901-921. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0145445516645766
Mystkowski, J. L., Craske, M. G., Echiverri, A. M., & Labus, J. S. (2006). Mental reinstatement of context and return of fear in spider-fearful participants. Behavior Therapy, 37, 49-60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.beth.2005.04.001
Nelson, J. B., Sanjuan, M. C., Vadillo-Ruiz, S., Pérez, J., & León, S. P. (2011). Experimental renewal in human participants. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes, 37, 58-70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0020519
Nieto, J., Uengoer, M., & Bernal-Gamboa, R. (2017). A reminder of extinction reduces relapse in an animal model of voluntary behavior. Learning & Memory, 24, 76–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/lm.044495.116
Ogállar P. M., Ramos-Álvarez M. M., Alcalá J.A., Moreno-Fernández M. M., & Rosas J. M. (2017). Attentional Perspectives on Context-dependence of Information Retrieval. International Journal of Psychology & Psychological Therapy, 17, 115-130.
Pavlov, I. P. (1927).Conditioned reflexes. London: Oxford University Press.
Rescorla, R. A. (2004). Spontaneous recovery. Learning & Memory, 11, 501-509. http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/lm.77504
Romero, M. A., Vila, J., & Rosas, J. M. (2005). Instructions inadequate to the task control response recovery after discrimination reversal in human beings. The Behavior Analyst Today, 6, 221-228.
Rosas, J. M., & Bouton, M. E. (1997). Additivity of the effects of retention interval and context change on latent inhibition: Toward resolution of the context forgetting paradox. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes, 23, 283-294. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0097-7403.23.3.283
Rosas, J. M., & Callejas-Aguilera, J. E. (2006). Context switch effects on acquisition and extinction in human predictive learning. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning Memory and Cognition, 32, 461-474. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0278-7393.32.3.461
Rosas, J. M., Callejas-Aguilera, J. E, Ramos-Álvarez, M. M., & Abad, M. J. (2006). Revision of Retrieval Theory of Forgetting: What does Make Information Context-Specific? International Journal of Psychology and Psychological Therapy, 6, 147-166.
Thomas, B. L., Larsen, N., & Ayres, J. J. B. (2003). Role of context similarity in ABA, ABC, and AAB renewal paradigms: Implications for theories of renewal and for treating human phobias. Learning and Motivation, 34, 410-436. http://doi.org/10.1016/S0023-9690(03)00037-7
Vansteenwegen, D., Vervliet, B., Hermans, D., Beckers, T., Baeyens, F., & Eelen, P. (2006). Stronger renewal in human fear conditioning when tested with an acquisition retrieval cue than with an extinction retrieval cue. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 44, 1717-1725. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2005.10.014
Vervliet, B., Craske, M. G., & Hermans, D. (2013). Fear Extinction and Relapse: State of the Art. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 9, 215-248. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-050212-185542
Vila, N. J., & Rosas, J. M. (2001). Renewal and spontaneous recovery after extinction in a causal learning task. Mexican Journal of Behavior Analysis, 27, 79-96.
Willcocks, A. L., & McNally, G. P. (2014). An extinction retrieval cue attenuates renewal but not reacquisition of alcohol seeking. Behavioral Neuroscience, 128, 83-91, http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0035595
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2018-12-05
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How to Cite
Verbal retrieval cues prevent renewal and spontaneous recovery of predictive judgments in university students. (2018). LIBERABIT. Revista Peruana De Psicología, 24(2), 309-319. https://doi.org/10.24265/liberabit.2018.v24n2.10
