Structural analysis and measurement invariance of MBI-GS in peruvian workers
Keywords:
Burnout, confirmatory factor analysis, invariance of measurement, workers, validityAbstract
The measurement of burnout has evolved into the creation of various tools and models. The Maslach Burnout Inventory - General Survey (MBI-GS) is one of these instruments used to measure three definitional constructs of burnout: (1) emotional exhaustion, (2) professional efficiency, and (3) indifference. It was created for a wide range of occupations, but its latent structure and invariance of measurement in Latin America has rarely been verified. The present study analyzes the latent structure and the invariance of measurement of MBI-GS in a sample of 940 Peruvian workers in various occupations. The methodology of structural equations was applied through the confirmatory factor analysis, as well as the invariance of measurement between men and women, imposing restrictions successively more strict. The results satisfactorily verified the structure of three-dimensional latent MBI-GS, and the invariance of its parameters between men and women. The implications of the results are discussed.
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References
Aguilar, A. & Gutiérrez, R. (2007). El fenómeno de burnout en médicos de dos hospitales de la ciudad de Lima-Perú. Revista de Psicología Herediana, 2(1), 1-13.
Bakker, A. B., Demerouti, E., & Schaufeli, W. B. (2002). Validation of the Maslach Burnout Inventory - General Survey: An Internet study. Anxiety, Stress, and Coping, 15, 245-260.
Bentler, P. M. (1990). Comparative fit indexes in structural models. Psychological Bulletin, 107, 238-246.
Bentler, P. M. & Dugeon, P. (1996). Covariance structure analysis: statistical practice, theory, and directions. Annual Review of Psychology, 47, 563-592.
Bentler, P. M. & Wu, E. J. C. (2012). EQS 6.2 for windows (Version 6.1) [ Statistical Program]. Encino, CA: Multivariate Software, Inc.
Boomsma, A. (2000). Reporting analyses of covariance structures. Structural Equation Modeling, 7(3), 461-483.
Brown, T. A. (2006). Confirmatory factor analysis for applied research. New York: Guilford Press.
Byrne, B. M. (2008). Testing for multigroup equivalence of a measuring instrument: A walk through the process. Psicothema, 20(4), 872-882.
Chen, F. F. (2007). Sensitivity of goodness of fit indexes to lack of measurement invariance. Structural Equation Modeling, 14(3), 464-504.
Cheung, G. W. & Rensvold, R. B. (2002). Evaluating goodnessof-fit indexes for testing measurement invariance. Structural Equation Modeling, 9(2), 233-255.
Chirkowska-Smolak, T. & Kleka, P. (2011). The Maslach Burnout Inventory-General Survey: Validation across different Occupational groups in Poland. Polish Psychological Bulletin, 42(2), 86-94.
Costello, A. B. & Osborne, J. W. (2005). Best practices in exploratory factor analysis: Four recommendations for getting the most from your analysis. Practical Assessment Research & Evaluation, 10(7). Recuperado de http://pareonline.net/pdf/v10n7a.pdf
Cronbach, L. J. (1951). Coefficient alpha and the internal structure of tests. Psychometrika, 16, 297-334.
Delgado, A. (2003). El síndrome de burnout en profesores de Educación Secundaria de Lima Metropolitana. Revista de Investigación en Psicología, 6(2), 26-47.
Farrell, A. M. (2009). Insufficient discriminant validity: A comment on Bove, Pervan, Beatty and Shiu (2009). Journal of Business Research, 63(3), 324-327.
Fernández, M. (2002). Realidad psicosocial del maestro de Primaria. Lima: Fondo de Desarrollo Editorial-Universidad de Lima.
Fernández, M. (2008). Burnout, autoeficacia y estrés en maestros peruanos: tres estudios fácticos. Ciencia & Trabajo, 10(30), 120-125.
Fernández, M., Merino, C., & Guimet, M. (en prensa). Propiedades psicométricas del Maslach Burnout Inventory-General Survey en una muestra de docentes de Lima, Perú. En R. León (Ed.), Homenaje a Reynaldo Alarcón.
Flemming, J. & Merino, C. (2005). Medidas de simplicidad y ajuste factorial: Un enfoque para la construcción y revisión de escalas derivadas factorialmente. Revista de Psicología, 23(2), 252-266.
Flores, C. A., Merino, C., Camacho, A., Juárez, A., & Placencia, O. (en prensa). Síndrome de burnout en instructores comunitarios: Propiedades psicométricas del Maslach Burnout Inventory General Survey (MBI-GS). En A. Juárez, (Ed.), Evaluación psicosocial en el trabajo. Modelos, escalas y propiedades psicométricas en muestras mexicanas.
Fornell, C. & Larcker, D. F. (1981). Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error. Journal of Marketing Research, 18, 39-50.
Gil-Monte, P. R. (2002). Validez factorial de la adaptación al español del Maslach Burnout Inventory-General Survey. Salud pública de México, 44(1), 36.
Gomero, R., Palomino, J., Ruiz, F., & Llap, C. (2005). El síndrome de burnout en personal sanitario de los hospitales de la empresa minera de Southern Perú Copper Corporation: estudio piloto. Revista Médica Herediana, 16(4), 233-238.
Graham, J. M., Graham, A. C., & Thompson, B. (2003). Consequences of not interpreting structure coefficients in published CFA research: A reminder. Structural Equation Modeling, 10, 142-153.
Grajales, T. (2001). Estudio de validez factorial del Maslach Burnout Inventory versión española en una población de profesionales mexicanos. Recuperado de http://www.tgrajales.net/mbivalidez.pdf
Green, D. E., Walkey, F. H., & Taylor, A. J. W. (1991). The three-factor structure of the Maslach Burnout Inventory. Journal of Social Behavior and Personality, 6, 453-472.
Hair, J. F., Anderson, R. E., Tatham, R. L., & Black, W. C. (2006). Multivariate Data Analysis (6th ed.). New York: Prentice Hall.
Hyde, J. S. (2005). The gender similarities hypothesis. American Psychologist, 60, 581-592.
Jackson, D. L., Gillaspay, J. A. Jr., & Purc-Stephenson, R. (2009). Reporting Practices in Confirmatory Factor Analysis: An Overview and Some Recommendations. Psychological Methods, 14, 6-23.
Jöreskog, K. G. (1969). A general approach to confirmatory maximum likelihood factor analysis. Psychometrika, 34, 183202.
Jöreskog, K. G. & Sörbom, D. (1986). LISREL VI: Analysis of linear structural relationships by maximum likelihood and least squares methods. Mooresville, IN: Scientific Software.
Juárez, A., García, J., Camacho, A., Gómez, V., Vera, A., Fernández, M., & García, I. (2011). Traducción y adaptación del MBI-GS en población latina. Documento no publicado.
Kajantie, E. & Phillips, D. I. (2006). The effects of sex and hormonal status on the physiological response to acute psychosocial stress. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 31(2), 151-178.
Koning, A. J. & Frances, P. H. (2003). Confidence intervals for Cronbach’s alpha coefficient values. ERIM Report Series Reference No. ERS-2003-041-MKT. Recuperado de http// ssrn.com/abstract=423658
Lei, P-W. & Wu, Q. (2012). Estimation in structural equation modeling. En R. H. Hoyle (Ed.), Handbook of structural equation modeling (pp. 164-179). New York: Guildford Press.
Leiter, M. P. & Schaufeli, W. B. (1996). Consistency of the burnout construct across occupations. Anxiety, Stress, and Coping, 9, 229-243.
Lucke, J. F. (2005). «Rassling the hog»: the influence of correlated item error on internal consistency, classical reliability, and congeneric reliability. Applied Psychological Measurement, 29(2), 106-125.
MacCallum, R. C. & Austin, J. T. (2000). Applications of structural equation modeling in psychological research. Annual Review of Psychology 51, 201-226.
MacCallum, R. C., Widaman, K. F., Zhang, S., & Hong, S. (1999). Sample size in factor analysis. Psychological Methods, 4, 84-99.
Mariños, A., Otero, M., Tomateo, J., & Málaga, G. (2011). Coexistencia de síndrome de burnout y síntomas depresivos en médicos residentes. Estudio descriptivo transversal en un hospital nacional de Lima. Revista Médica Herediana, 22(4), 162-168.
Maslach, C., Jackson, S. E., & Leiter, M. P. (1996). Maslach Burnout Inventory Manual (3rd ed.). Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press. McDonald, R. P. (1989). An index of goodness of fit based on noncentrality. Journal of Classification, 6, 97-103.
McDonald, R. P. (1999). Test theory: A unified approach. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum. Merino, C. (2103). Análisis factorial confirmatorio de grupo múltiple del EPQR-BV: Una versión muy abreviada del EPQR. Internacional Journal of Psychological Research, 6(2), 79-88.
Merino, C. & Fernández, M. (noviembre, 2014). Modelos latentes e invarianza de medición del MBI-GS en el Perú. Ponencia en el V Congreso Iberoamericano y XI Nacional de profesionales y estudiantes de Psicología, Lima.
Merino, C. & Grimaldo, M. (2010). Complejidad factorial y conductas moralmente controversiales. Revista Argentina de Ciencias del Comportamiento, 3(3), 38-43.
Milfont, T. L. & Fischer, R. (2010). Testing measurement invariance across groups: Applications in cross-cultural research. International Journal of Psychological Research, 3, 112-131.
Moreno, B., Rodríguez, R., & Escobar, E. (2001). La evaluación del burnout profesional. Factorialización del MBI-GS. Un análisis preliminar. Ansiedad y estrés, 7(1), 69-78.
Oramas, A., González, A., & Vergara, A. (2007). El desgaste profesional. Evaluación y factorialización del MBI-GS. Revista Cubana de Salud y Trabajo, 8(1), 37-45.
Preacher, K. J. & MacCallum, R. C. (2002). Exploratory factor analysis in behavior genetics research: factor recovery with small sample sizes. Behavior Genetics, 32, 153-161.
Raykov, T. (2001). Bias in coefficient alpha for fixed congeneric measures with correlated errors. Applied Psychological Measurement, 25(1), 69-76.
Remthulla, M., Brosseau-Liard, P. E., & Savalei, V. (2012). When can categorical variables be treated as continuous? A comparison of robust continuous and categorical SEM estimation methods under suboptimal conditions. Psychological Methods, 17(3), 354-373.
Romano, J. L., Kromrey, J. D., Owens, C. M., & Scott, H. M. (2011). Confidence interval methods for coefficient alpha on the basis of discrete, ordinal response items: Which one, if any, is the best?. The Journal of Experimental Education, 79(4), 382-403.
Salanova, M. & Schaufeli, W. B. (2000). Exposure to information technologies and its relation to burnout. Behavior & Information Technology, 19, 385-392.
Satorra, A. & Bentler, P. M. (1994). Corrections to test statistics and standard errors in covariance structure analysis. En A. von Eye & C. C. Clogg (Eds.), Latent variables analysis: Applications for developmental research (pp. 399-419). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Schutte, N., Toppinnen, S., Kalimo, R., & Schaufeli, W. B. (2000). The factorial validity of the Maslach Burnout Inventory-General Survey across occupational groups and nations. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 73, 53-66.
Sörbom, D. (1989). Model modification. Psychometrika, 54, 371-384.
Steenkamp, J. B. & Van Trijp, H. C. M. (1991). The use of LISREL in validating marketing constructs. International Journal of Research in Marketing, 8, 283-299.
Steiger, J. H. & Lind, J. M. (June, 1980). Statistically based tests for the number of common factors. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Psychometric Society, Iowa City, IA.
Steinmetz, H. (2013). Analyzing observed composite differences across groups: Is partial measurement invariance enough?. Methodology, 9(1), 1-12.
Thompson, B. (1997). The importance of structure coefficients in structural equation modeling confirmatory factor analysis. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 57, 5-19.
Tong, X. & Bentler, P. M. (2013). Evaluation of a new mean scaled and moment adjusted test statistic for SEM. Structural Equations Modeling. 20(1), 148-156.
Zinbarg, R. E., Revelle, W., Yovel, I., & Li, W. (2005). Cronbach’s α, Revelle’s β, and McDonald’s ωh: Their relations with each other and two alternative conceptualizations of reliability. Psychometrika, 70, 123-133.
Bakker, A. B., Demerouti, E., & Schaufeli, W. B. (2002). Validation of the Maslach Burnout Inventory - General Survey: An Internet study. Anxiety, Stress, and Coping, 15, 245-260.
Bentler, P. M. (1990). Comparative fit indexes in structural models. Psychological Bulletin, 107, 238-246.
Bentler, P. M. & Dugeon, P. (1996). Covariance structure analysis: statistical practice, theory, and directions. Annual Review of Psychology, 47, 563-592.
Bentler, P. M. & Wu, E. J. C. (2012). EQS 6.2 for windows (Version 6.1) [ Statistical Program]. Encino, CA: Multivariate Software, Inc.
Boomsma, A. (2000). Reporting analyses of covariance structures. Structural Equation Modeling, 7(3), 461-483.
Brown, T. A. (2006). Confirmatory factor analysis for applied research. New York: Guilford Press.
Byrne, B. M. (2008). Testing for multigroup equivalence of a measuring instrument: A walk through the process. Psicothema, 20(4), 872-882.
Chen, F. F. (2007). Sensitivity of goodness of fit indexes to lack of measurement invariance. Structural Equation Modeling, 14(3), 464-504.
Cheung, G. W. & Rensvold, R. B. (2002). Evaluating goodnessof-fit indexes for testing measurement invariance. Structural Equation Modeling, 9(2), 233-255.
Chirkowska-Smolak, T. & Kleka, P. (2011). The Maslach Burnout Inventory-General Survey: Validation across different Occupational groups in Poland. Polish Psychological Bulletin, 42(2), 86-94.
Costello, A. B. & Osborne, J. W. (2005). Best practices in exploratory factor analysis: Four recommendations for getting the most from your analysis. Practical Assessment Research & Evaluation, 10(7). Recuperado de http://pareonline.net/pdf/v10n7a.pdf
Cronbach, L. J. (1951). Coefficient alpha and the internal structure of tests. Psychometrika, 16, 297-334.
Delgado, A. (2003). El síndrome de burnout en profesores de Educación Secundaria de Lima Metropolitana. Revista de Investigación en Psicología, 6(2), 26-47.
Farrell, A. M. (2009). Insufficient discriminant validity: A comment on Bove, Pervan, Beatty and Shiu (2009). Journal of Business Research, 63(3), 324-327.
Fernández, M. (2002). Realidad psicosocial del maestro de Primaria. Lima: Fondo de Desarrollo Editorial-Universidad de Lima.
Fernández, M. (2008). Burnout, autoeficacia y estrés en maestros peruanos: tres estudios fácticos. Ciencia & Trabajo, 10(30), 120-125.
Fernández, M., Merino, C., & Guimet, M. (en prensa). Propiedades psicométricas del Maslach Burnout Inventory-General Survey en una muestra de docentes de Lima, Perú. En R. León (Ed.), Homenaje a Reynaldo Alarcón.
Flemming, J. & Merino, C. (2005). Medidas de simplicidad y ajuste factorial: Un enfoque para la construcción y revisión de escalas derivadas factorialmente. Revista de Psicología, 23(2), 252-266.
Flores, C. A., Merino, C., Camacho, A., Juárez, A., & Placencia, O. (en prensa). Síndrome de burnout en instructores comunitarios: Propiedades psicométricas del Maslach Burnout Inventory General Survey (MBI-GS). En A. Juárez, (Ed.), Evaluación psicosocial en el trabajo. Modelos, escalas y propiedades psicométricas en muestras mexicanas.
Fornell, C. & Larcker, D. F. (1981). Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error. Journal of Marketing Research, 18, 39-50.
Gil-Monte, P. R. (2002). Validez factorial de la adaptación al español del Maslach Burnout Inventory-General Survey. Salud pública de México, 44(1), 36.
Gomero, R., Palomino, J., Ruiz, F., & Llap, C. (2005). El síndrome de burnout en personal sanitario de los hospitales de la empresa minera de Southern Perú Copper Corporation: estudio piloto. Revista Médica Herediana, 16(4), 233-238.
Graham, J. M., Graham, A. C., & Thompson, B. (2003). Consequences of not interpreting structure coefficients in published CFA research: A reminder. Structural Equation Modeling, 10, 142-153.
Grajales, T. (2001). Estudio de validez factorial del Maslach Burnout Inventory versión española en una población de profesionales mexicanos. Recuperado de http://www.tgrajales.net/mbivalidez.pdf
Green, D. E., Walkey, F. H., & Taylor, A. J. W. (1991). The three-factor structure of the Maslach Burnout Inventory. Journal of Social Behavior and Personality, 6, 453-472.
Hair, J. F., Anderson, R. E., Tatham, R. L., & Black, W. C. (2006). Multivariate Data Analysis (6th ed.). New York: Prentice Hall.
Hyde, J. S. (2005). The gender similarities hypothesis. American Psychologist, 60, 581-592.
Jackson, D. L., Gillaspay, J. A. Jr., & Purc-Stephenson, R. (2009). Reporting Practices in Confirmatory Factor Analysis: An Overview and Some Recommendations. Psychological Methods, 14, 6-23.
Jöreskog, K. G. (1969). A general approach to confirmatory maximum likelihood factor analysis. Psychometrika, 34, 183202.
Jöreskog, K. G. & Sörbom, D. (1986). LISREL VI: Analysis of linear structural relationships by maximum likelihood and least squares methods. Mooresville, IN: Scientific Software.
Juárez, A., García, J., Camacho, A., Gómez, V., Vera, A., Fernández, M., & García, I. (2011). Traducción y adaptación del MBI-GS en población latina. Documento no publicado.
Kajantie, E. & Phillips, D. I. (2006). The effects of sex and hormonal status on the physiological response to acute psychosocial stress. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 31(2), 151-178.
Koning, A. J. & Frances, P. H. (2003). Confidence intervals for Cronbach’s alpha coefficient values. ERIM Report Series Reference No. ERS-2003-041-MKT. Recuperado de http// ssrn.com/abstract=423658
Lei, P-W. & Wu, Q. (2012). Estimation in structural equation modeling. En R. H. Hoyle (Ed.), Handbook of structural equation modeling (pp. 164-179). New York: Guildford Press.
Leiter, M. P. & Schaufeli, W. B. (1996). Consistency of the burnout construct across occupations. Anxiety, Stress, and Coping, 9, 229-243.
Lucke, J. F. (2005). «Rassling the hog»: the influence of correlated item error on internal consistency, classical reliability, and congeneric reliability. Applied Psychological Measurement, 29(2), 106-125.
MacCallum, R. C. & Austin, J. T. (2000). Applications of structural equation modeling in psychological research. Annual Review of Psychology 51, 201-226.
MacCallum, R. C., Widaman, K. F., Zhang, S., & Hong, S. (1999). Sample size in factor analysis. Psychological Methods, 4, 84-99.
Mariños, A., Otero, M., Tomateo, J., & Málaga, G. (2011). Coexistencia de síndrome de burnout y síntomas depresivos en médicos residentes. Estudio descriptivo transversal en un hospital nacional de Lima. Revista Médica Herediana, 22(4), 162-168.
Maslach, C., Jackson, S. E., & Leiter, M. P. (1996). Maslach Burnout Inventory Manual (3rd ed.). Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press. McDonald, R. P. (1989). An index of goodness of fit based on noncentrality. Journal of Classification, 6, 97-103.
McDonald, R. P. (1999). Test theory: A unified approach. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum. Merino, C. (2103). Análisis factorial confirmatorio de grupo múltiple del EPQR-BV: Una versión muy abreviada del EPQR. Internacional Journal of Psychological Research, 6(2), 79-88.
Merino, C. & Fernández, M. (noviembre, 2014). Modelos latentes e invarianza de medición del MBI-GS en el Perú. Ponencia en el V Congreso Iberoamericano y XI Nacional de profesionales y estudiantes de Psicología, Lima.
Merino, C. & Grimaldo, M. (2010). Complejidad factorial y conductas moralmente controversiales. Revista Argentina de Ciencias del Comportamiento, 3(3), 38-43.
Milfont, T. L. & Fischer, R. (2010). Testing measurement invariance across groups: Applications in cross-cultural research. International Journal of Psychological Research, 3, 112-131.
Moreno, B., Rodríguez, R., & Escobar, E. (2001). La evaluación del burnout profesional. Factorialización del MBI-GS. Un análisis preliminar. Ansiedad y estrés, 7(1), 69-78.
Oramas, A., González, A., & Vergara, A. (2007). El desgaste profesional. Evaluación y factorialización del MBI-GS. Revista Cubana de Salud y Trabajo, 8(1), 37-45.
Preacher, K. J. & MacCallum, R. C. (2002). Exploratory factor analysis in behavior genetics research: factor recovery with small sample sizes. Behavior Genetics, 32, 153-161.
Raykov, T. (2001). Bias in coefficient alpha for fixed congeneric measures with correlated errors. Applied Psychological Measurement, 25(1), 69-76.
Remthulla, M., Brosseau-Liard, P. E., & Savalei, V. (2012). When can categorical variables be treated as continuous? A comparison of robust continuous and categorical SEM estimation methods under suboptimal conditions. Psychological Methods, 17(3), 354-373.
Romano, J. L., Kromrey, J. D., Owens, C. M., & Scott, H. M. (2011). Confidence interval methods for coefficient alpha on the basis of discrete, ordinal response items: Which one, if any, is the best?. The Journal of Experimental Education, 79(4), 382-403.
Salanova, M. & Schaufeli, W. B. (2000). Exposure to information technologies and its relation to burnout. Behavior & Information Technology, 19, 385-392.
Satorra, A. & Bentler, P. M. (1994). Corrections to test statistics and standard errors in covariance structure analysis. En A. von Eye & C. C. Clogg (Eds.), Latent variables analysis: Applications for developmental research (pp. 399-419). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Schutte, N., Toppinnen, S., Kalimo, R., & Schaufeli, W. B. (2000). The factorial validity of the Maslach Burnout Inventory-General Survey across occupational groups and nations. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 73, 53-66.
Sörbom, D. (1989). Model modification. Psychometrika, 54, 371-384.
Steenkamp, J. B. & Van Trijp, H. C. M. (1991). The use of LISREL in validating marketing constructs. International Journal of Research in Marketing, 8, 283-299.
Steiger, J. H. & Lind, J. M. (June, 1980). Statistically based tests for the number of common factors. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Psychometric Society, Iowa City, IA.
Steinmetz, H. (2013). Analyzing observed composite differences across groups: Is partial measurement invariance enough?. Methodology, 9(1), 1-12.
Thompson, B. (1997). The importance of structure coefficients in structural equation modeling confirmatory factor analysis. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 57, 5-19.
Tong, X. & Bentler, P. M. (2013). Evaluation of a new mean scaled and moment adjusted test statistic for SEM. Structural Equations Modeling. 20(1), 148-156.
Zinbarg, R. E., Revelle, W., Yovel, I., & Li, W. (2005). Cronbach’s α, Revelle’s β, and McDonald’s ωh: Their relations with each other and two alternative conceptualizations of reliability. Psychometrika, 70, 123-133.
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2015-06-30
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Structural analysis and measurement invariance of MBI-GS in peruvian workers. (2015). LIBERABIT. Revista Peruana De Psicología, 21(1), 9-20. https://ojs3lib.epu.edu.pe/index.php/Liberabit/article/view/282
