Effect of personality on compound reasoning
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.24265/liberabit.2020.v26n1.04Keywords:
mental models, compound negation, reasoning biases, personality factorsAbstract
Objective: This study aims to describe the relationship between personality and propositional reasoning regarding compound negations by using, in particular, De Morgan’s laws. Method: To evaluate personality traits, we used the Adjective Checklist for Personality Assessment, an instrument based on the Big Five theory and developed for the Argentine context. To assess reasoning, we used a task implemented in previous studies, according to which subjects had to find the logical equivalent of a compound negation. Four response options were offered: one was correct and the other three were linked to specific biases. Both the research study and the paradigm were developed on the basis of the Mental Models Theory of Negation. The study had a correlational design and included 150 university students. Results: We found that factors such as neuroticism, extraversion, and agreeableness were linked to specific response patterns. Difficulty and context were considered mediators of the process. Discussion: The evidence was compatible with the Mental Models Theory but inconsistent with theories based on formal rules.
Authorship Contribution
MCC: data collection, statistical analysis, data interpretation, and discussion.
ER: Discussion and final review of the article.
GM: Conception and design of the study, interpretation of the data, discussion, and final revision of the manuscript.
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factors in the Argentine population. Journal of Personality Assessment, 93(1), 46-55. doi:10.1080/00223891.2010.513708
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University Press.
Bott, L., & Noveck, I. A. (2004). Some utterances are underinformative: The onset and time course of scalar
inferences. Journal of Memory and Language, 51(3), 437-457. doi:10.1016/j. jml.2004.05.006
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Brandt, N. D., Lechner, C. M., Tetzner, J., & Rammstedt, B. (2019) (in press). Personality, cognitive ability, and academic performance: Differential associations across school subjects and school tracks. Journal of personality. 1-7. doi: 10.1111/jopy.12482
Campitelli, G., Macbeth, G., Ospina, R., & Marmolejo- Ramos, F. (2016). Three Strategies for the Critical Use
of Statistical Methods in Psychological Research. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 77(5),
881-895. doi: 10.1177/0013164416668234
Castro-Solano, A., & Casullo, M. M. (2001). Rasgos de personalidad, bienestar psicológico y rendimiento
académico en adolescentes argentinos. Interdisciplinaria, 18(1), 65-85.
Costa, P. T., & McCrae, R. R. (1999). Inventario de Personalidad Neo Revisado (NEO PI-R). Inventario NEO reducido de cinco factores (NEO-FFI). Manual professional. Madrid: TEA Ediciones.
Costa, P. T., McCrae, R. R., & Löckenhoff, C. E. (2019). Personality across the life span. Annual Review of
Psychology, 70, 423-448. doi: 10.1146/annurev-psych-010418-103244
De Morgan, A. (1847). Formal logic: or, the calculus of inference, necessary and probable. London: Taylor and Walton.
Elqayam, S., & Over, D. E. (2016). From is to ought: The place of normative models in the study of human thought. Frontiers in psychology, 7, 628. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00628
Evans, J. S. B. T. (1998). Matching bias in conditional reasoning: Do we understand it after 25 years? Thinking & Reasoning, 4(1), 45-82. doi:10.1080/135467898394247
Evans, J. S. B. T., Handley, S. J., Neilens, H., & Over, D. E. (2008). Understanding causal conditionals: A study of
individual differences. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 61(9),1291-1297. doi: 10.1080/17470210802027961
Fumero, A., Santamaría, C., & Johnson-Laird, P. (2010).Formas de pensar: efecto de la personalidad en el
razonamiento. Psicothema, 22(1), 57-62. Retrieved from https://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=727/72712699010
Grice, H. P. (1989). Studies in the way of words. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. Horn, L. R. (1989). A natural history of negation. Chicago, IL: The University of Chicago Press.
Horn, L. R., & Ward, G. (2005). The handbook of pragmatics. Oxford, UK: Blackwell Publishing.
Introzzi, I., Andrés, M. L., Canet-Juric, L., Stelzer, F., & Richard’s, M. M. (2016). The relationship between the
rumination style and perceptual, cognitive, and behavioral inhibition. Psychology & Neuroscience, 9(4), 444-456. doi: 10.1037/pne0000068
Johnson-Laird, P. N. (1983). Mental models: Towards a cognitive science of language, inference, and consciousness. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Johnson-Laird, P. N. (2006). How we reason. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
Johnson-Laird, P. N. (2010a). Against logical form. Psychologia Belgica, 50(3–4), 193-221. doi:10.5334/pb- 50-3-4-193
Johnson-Laird, P. N. (2010b). Mental models and human reasoning. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 107(43), 18243-18250. doi:10.1073/pnas.1012933107
Johnson-Laird, P. N., & Byrne, R. M. J. (1991). Deduction. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
Johnson-Laird, P. N., Goodwin, G. P., & Khemlani, S. S. (2018). Mental models and reasoning. En L. J. Ball & V. A. Thompson (Eds.), International handbook of thinking and reasoning (pp. 346-365). New York, NY:Routledge.
Johnson-Laird, P. N., Khemlani, S. S., & Goodwin, G. P. (2015). Logic, probability, and human reasoning. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 19(4), 201-214. doi: 10.1016/j.tics.2015.02.006
Johnson-Laird, P. N., & Ragni, M. (2019). Possibilities as the foundation of reasoning. Cognition, 193, 103950. doi: 10.1016/j.cognition.2019.04.019
Khemlani, S. S. (2018). Reasoning. Stevens’ Handbook of Experimental Psychology and Cognitive Neuroscience, 3, 1-45. doi:10.1002/9781119170174.ep cn311
Khemlani, S. S., Byrne, R. M., & Johnson-Laird, P. N. (2018). Facts and Possibilities: A Model Based Theory of Sentential Reasoning. Cognitive science, 42(6), 1887-1924. doi: 10.1111/cogs.12634
Khemlani, S. S., & Johnson-Laird, P. N. (2017). Illusions in reasoning. Minds and Machines, 27(1), 11-35. doi: 10.1007/s11023-017-9421-x
Khemlani, S., Orenes, I., & Johnson-Laird, P. N. (2012).Negation: A theory of its meaning, representation, and use. Journal of Cognitive Psychology, 24(5), 541-559.doi:10.1080/20445911.2012.660913
Khemlani, S., Orenes, I., & Johnson-Laird, P. N. (2014). The negations of conjunctions, conditionals, and disjunctions. Acta Psychologica, 151, 1-7. doi:10.1016/j.actpsy.2014.05.004
Laajaj, R., Macours, K., Hernandez, D. A. P., Arias, O., Gosling, S. D., Potter, J., & Vakis, R. (2019). Challenges
to capture the big five personality traits in non-WEIRD populations. Science advances, 5(7), eaaw5226. doi:
10.1126/sciadv.aaw522
Ledesma, R. D., Sánchez, R., & Díaz-Lázaro, C. M. (2011). Adjective checklist to assess the Big Five personality
factors in the Argentine population. Journal of Personality Assessment, 93(1), 46-55. doi:10.1080/00223891.2010.513708
Macbeth, G., Crivello, M.d.C., Fioramonti, M., & Razumiejczyk, E. (2017a). Chronometrical evidence supports the model theory of negation. Sage Open, 7(2), 1-8. doi:10.1177/2158244017716216
Macbeth, G., Razumiejczyk, E., & Campitelli, G. (2011). Relevancia de la introspección para el reconocimiento de las leyes lógicas de Augustus De Morgan. Boletín de Psicología, 101(1), 67-79.
Macbeth, G., Razumiejczyk, E., & Crivello, M. d. C. (2014a). Efecto de la distorsión introspectiva sobre los errores de superficie en el razonamiento lógico. Boletín de Psicología, 111(2), 25-43.
Macbeth, G., Razumiejczyk, E., Crivello, M., Bolzán, C., Girardi, C. I. P., & Campitelli, G. (2014b). Mental models for the negation of conjunctions and disjunctions. Europe’s Journal of Psychology, 10(1), 135-149. doi:10.5964/ejop.v10i1.696
Macbeth, G., Razumiejczyk, E., Crivello, M., & Fernández, J. H. (2017b). Gaze patterns of compound negation
processing. Education Science and Psychology 4(46), 3-10.
Macbeth, G., Razumiejczyk, E., Crivello, M., Fioramonti, M., & Pereyra Girardi, C. I. (2013). The shallow processing of logical negation. Psychology and Behavioral Sciences, 2, 196-201. doi:10.11648/j.pbs.20130205.15
Macbeth, G., Razumiejczyk, E., Crivello, M., Fioramonti, M., & Pereyra Girardi, C. I. (2015). Prior Affirmative Representation Facilitates the Cognitive Processing of Compound Negation. International Journal of Psychology and Behavioral Sciences, 5(6), 205-215. doi:10.5923/j.ijpbs.20150506.02
Manktelow, K. I. (2012). Thinking and reasoning. An introduction to the psychology of reason, judgment and decision making. London & New York: Psychology Press.
Markovits, H., Brisson, J., & de Chantal, P. L. (2017). Logical reasoning versus information processing in the dual-strategy model of reasoning. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 43(1), 72-80. doi: 10.1037/xlm0000291
Markovits, H., Thompson, V. A., & Brisson, J. (2015). Metacognition and abstract reasoning. Memory & cognition, 43(4), 681-693. doi:10.3758/s13421-014-0488-9
McCrae, R. R., & Costa, P. T. (1987). Validation of the fivefactor model of personality across instruments and observers. Journal of personality and social psychology, 52(1), 81-90. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.52.1.81
McCrae, R. R., & Costa, P. T. (1999). A five-factor theory of personality. In L. A. Pervin & O. P. John (Eds.), Handbook of personality: Theory and research, (pp. 139-153). New York: Guilford.
McCrae, R. R., & Costa, P. T. (2004). A contemplated revision of the NEO Five-Factor Inventory. Personality and individual differences, 36(3), 587-596. doi:10.1016/S01918869(03)00118-1
McCrae, R. R., & Mõttus, R. (2019). What Personality Scales Measure: A New Psychometrics and Its Implications for Theory and Assessment. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 28(4), 415-420. doi : 10.1177/0963721419849559
McCrae, R. R., & Terracciano, A. (2005). Universal features of personality traits from the observer’s perspective: data from 50 cultures. Journal of personality and social psychology, 88(3), 547-561. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.88.3.547
Morgan, A. de (1847). Formal logic: or, the calculus of inference, necessary and probable. London: Taylor and Walton.
Pereira, A. T., Marques, N., Soares, M. J., Valente, J., Nogueira, V., Boss, S., ... Azevedo, M. H. (2012). Worry and rumination: exploring a brief measure of repetitive thought. European Psychiatry, 27(1), 1. doi: 10.1016/S0924-9338(12)75225-2
Restrepo, J. E. (2015). Correlatos cognitivos y neuropsicológicos de los cinco grandes: una revisión en el área de la neurociencia de la personalidad. Pensando Psicología, 11(18), 107-127. doi:10.16925/pe.v11i18.1004
Rips, L. J. (1994). The psychology of proof. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Rips, L. J. (2011). Lines of thought: Central concepts in cognitive psychology. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195183054.001.0001
Orenes, I., Moxey, L., Scheepers, C., & Santamaría, C. (2016). Negation in context: Evidence from the visual world paradigm. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 69(6), 1082-1092. doi:10.1080/17470218.2015.1063675
Sánchez, R., & Ledesma, R. (2007). Los cinco grandes factores: ¿cómo entender la personalidad y cómo evaluarla? Conocimiento para la transformación. Serie Investigación y Desarrollo, 131-160.
Sánchez, R. O., & Ledesma, R. D. (2013). Listado de adjetivos para evaluar personalidad: propiedades y normas para una población argentina. Revista Argentina de Clínica Psicológica, 22(2), 147-160.
Sperber, D., & Wilson, D. (1986). Relevance: Communication and cognition. Oxford, UK: Basil
Blackwell.
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of the big five personality traits and self-efficacy on academic performance: A meta-analytic path-analysis.
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2020-03-02
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How to Cite
Effect of personality on compound reasoning. (2020). LIBERABIT. Revista Peruana De Psicología, 26(1), e313. https://doi.org/10.24265/liberabit.2020.v26n1.04
