Bifactor Analysis of the Physical Activity Enjoyment Scale (PACES)
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.24265/liberabit.2024.v30n2.849Keywords:
Physical Activity Enjoyment Scale, internal structure, bifactor, physical exercise, enjoymentAbstract
Background: Enjoyment is an affective state that promotes physical exercise and involves feelings of pleasure, satisfaction and fun. The revised version of the Physical Activity Enjoyment Scale (PACES) revealed a unidimensional factor structure. However, its adaptation in multiple cultural contexts yielded discordances in its dimensionality Objective: The present study provides evidence on the internal structure of the PACES adapted to the Argentine cultural context. Method: 253 adult residents of the province of Buenos Aires participated. The comparison of different measurement models was implemented, including the analysis of a bifactor model. Confirmatory factor analysis was used to evaluate the fit of the different models. Evidence of discriminant validity was also obtained from self-reported physical exercise. Results: The exclusion of one item allowed a satisfactory fit of the model with a two-factor correlated structure. Likewise, the bifactor model presented an equally satisfactory fit χ2(89) = 179.589 with CFI = .98, TLI = .97 and RMSEA = .074, with values of LCA = .81 and PUC = .51. Conclusion: The evidence indicates good psychometric properties, allowing the calculation and interpretation of a total score that explains the variability of the items, simultaneously with the specific factors.
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References
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Jekauc, D. (2015). Enjoyment during Exercise Mediates the Effects of an Intervention on Exercise Adherence. Psychology, 6(1), 48-54. https://doi.org/10.4236/psych.2015.61005
Jekauc, D., Nigg, C., Nigg, C. R., Reichert, M., Krell-Roesch, J., Oriwol, D., Schmidt, S., Wunsch, K., & Woll, A.(2020). Measurement Properties of the German Version of the Physical Activity Enjoyment Scale for Adults. PLoS ONE, 15(11), e0242069. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0242069
Jekauc, D., Voelkle, M., Wagner, M. O., Mewes, N., & Woll, A. (2012). Reliability, Validity, and Measurement Invariance of the German Version of the Physical Activity Enjoyment Scale. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 38(1), 104-115. https://doi.org/10.1093/jpepsy/jss088
Kendzierski, D., & DeCarlo, K. J. (1991). Physical Activity Enjoyment Scale: Two Validation Studies. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 13(1), 50-64. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsep.13.1.50
Kendzierski, D., & Morganstein, M. S. (2009). Test, Revision, and Cross-Validation of the Physical Activity Self-Definition Model. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 31(4), 484-504. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsep.31.4.484
Klompstra, L., Deka, P., Almenar, L., Pathak, D., Muñoz-Gómez, E., López-Vilella, R., & Marques-Sule, E. (2022). Physical Activity Enjoyment, Exercise Motivation, and Physical Activity in Patients with Heart Failure: A Mediation Analysis. Clinical Rehabilitation, 36(10), 1324-1331. https://doi.org/10.1177/02692155221103696
Kruk, M., Zarychta, K., Horodyska, K., Boberska, M., Scholz, U., Radtke, T., & Luszczynska, A. (2019). What Comes First, Negative Emotions, Positive Emotions, or Moderate-to-Vigorous Physical Activity? Mental Health and Physical Activity, 16, 38-42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mhpa.2019.03.002
Latorre-Román, P. Á., Martínez-López, E. J., Ruiz-Ariza, A., Izquierdo-Rus, T., Salas-Sánchez, J., & García-Pinillos, F. (2016). Validez y fiabilidad del cuestionario de disfrute por el ejercicio físico (PACES) en adolescentes con sobrepeso y obesidad. Nutrición Hospitalaria, 33(3), 595-601.
Lee, I. M., Shiroma, E. J., Lobelo, F., Puska, P., Blair, S. N., Katzmarzyk, P. T., Alkandari, J. R., Andersen, L. B., Bauman, A. E., Brownson, R. C., Bull, F. C., Craig, C. L., Ekelund, U., Goenka, S., Guthold, R., Hallal, P. C., Haskell, W. L., Heath, G. W., Inoue, S., … Wells, J. C. (2012). Effect of Physical Inactivity on Major Non-Communicable Diseases Worldwide: An Analysis of Burden of Disease and Life Expectancy. The Lancet, 380(9838), 219-229. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61031-9
Li, C. H. (2016). Confirmatory Factor Analysis with Ordinal Data: Comparing Robust Maximum Likelihood and Diagonally Weighted Least Squares. Behavior Research Methods, 48(3), 936-949. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13428-015-0619-7
Marsh, H. W. (1996). Positive and Negative Global Self-Esteem: A Substantively Meaningful Distinction or
Artifactors? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 70(4), 810-819. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.70.4.810
Monteiro, D., Nunes, G., Marinho, D. A., Couto, N., Antunes, R., Moutão, J., & Cid, L. (2017). Translation and Adaptation of the Physical Activity Enjoyment Scale (PACES) in a Sample of Portuguese Athletes, Invariance Across Genders Nature Sports and Swimming. Revista Brasileira de Cineantropometria & Desempenho Humano, 19(6), 631-643. http://dx.doi.org/10.5007/1980-0037.2017v19n6p631
Moore, J. B., Yin, Z., Hanes, J., Duda, J., Gutin, B., & Barbeau, P. (2009). Measuring Enjoyment of Physical Activity in Children: Validation of the Physical Activity Enjoyment Scale. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 21(1), 116-129. https://doi.org/10.1080/10413200802593612
Moreno, J. A., González-Cutre, D., Martínez, C., Alonso, N., & López, M. (2008). Propiedades psicométricas de la Physical Activity Enjoyment Scale (PACES) en el contexto español. Estudios de Psicologia, 29(2), 173-180. https://doi.org/10.1174/021093908784485093
Motl, R. W., Dishman, R. K., Saunders, R., Dowda, M., Felton, G., & Pate, R. R. (2001). Measuring Enjoyment of Physical Activity in Adolescent Girls. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 21(2), 110-117. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0749-3797(01)00326-9
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Bifactor Analysis of the Physical Activity Enjoyment Scale (PACES). (2024). LIBERABIT. Revista Peruana De Psicología, 30(2), e849. https://doi.org/10.24265/liberabit.2024.v30n2.849
